Influence of temperature, solvent and pH on the selective extraction of phenolic compounds from tiger nuts by-products: Triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS characterization.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature, solvent (hydroethanolic mixtures) and pH on the recovery of individual phenolic compounds from 'horchata' by-products. These parameters were optimized by response surface methodology and triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS was selected as the analytical tool to identify and quantify the individual compounds. The optimum extraction conditions were 50% ethanol, 35 °C and pH 2.5, which resulted in values of 222.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry matter and 1948.1 µM trolox equivalent (TE)/g of dry matter for total phenolic content (TPC) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), respectively. The extraction of phenolic compounds by the conventional solvent method with agitation was influenced by temperature (p = 0.0073), and more strongly, by the content of ethanol in the extraction solution (p = 0.0007) while the pH did not show a great impact (p = 0.7961). On the other hand, the extraction of phenolic acids was affected by temperature (p = 0.0003) and by ethanol amount (p < 0.0001) but not by the pH values (p = 0.53). In addition, the percentage of ethanol influenced notably the extraction of both 4-vinylphenol (p = 0.0002) and the hydroxycinnamic acids (p = 0.0039). Finally, the main individual phenolic extracted with hydroethanolic mixtures was 4-vinylphenol (303.3 μg/kg DW) followed by spinacetin3-O-glucosyl-(1→6)-glucoside (86.2 μg/kg DW) and sinensetin (77.8 μg/kg DW)

Seasonal dynamics of active SAR11 ecotypes in the oligotrophic Northwest Mediterranean Sea

A seven-year oceanographic time series in NW Mediterranean surface waters was combined with pyrosequencing of ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and ribosomal RNA gene copies (16S rDNA) to examine the environmental controls on SAR11 ecotype dynamics and potential activity. SAR11 diversity exhibited pronounced seasonal cycles remarkably similar to total bacterial diversity. The timing of diversity maxima was similar across narrow and broad phylogenetic clades and strongly associated with deep winter mixing. Diversity minima were associated with periods of stratification that were low in nutrients and phytoplankton biomass and characterised by intense phosphate limitation (turnover time80%) by SAR11 Ia. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model was developed that could reliably predict sequence abundances of SAR11 ecotypes (Q2=0.70) from measured environmental variables, of which mixed layer depth was quantitatively the most important. Comparison of clade-level SAR11 rRNA:rDNA signals with leucine incorporation enabled us to partially validate the use of these ratios as an in-situ activity measure. However, temporal trends in the activity of SAR11 ecotypes and their relationship to environmental variables were unclear. The strong and predictable temporal patterns observed in SAR11 sequence abundance was not linked to metabolic activity of different ecotypes at the phylogenetic and temporal resolution of our study

Genome-wide association study of asthma exacerbations despite inhaled corticosteroids use

Rationale Substantial variability in response to asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) has been described among individuals and populations, suggesting the contribution of genetic factors. Nonetheless, only a few genes have been identified to date. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with asthma exacerbations despite ICS use in European children and young adults and to validate the findings in non-Europeans. Moreover, we explored whether a gene-set enrichment analysis could suggest potential novel asthma therapies. Methods A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of asthma exacerbations was tested in 2681 European-descent children treated with ICS from eight studies. Suggestive association signals were followed up for replication in 538 European asthma patients. Further evaluation was performed in 1773 non-Europeans. Variants revealed by published GWAS were assessed for replication. Additionally, gene-set enrichment analysis focused on drugs was performed. Results Ten independent variants were associated with asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment in the discovery phase (p≤5×10−6). Of those, one variant at the CACNA2D3-WNT5A locus was nominally replicated in Europeans (rs67026078, p=0.010), but this was not validated in non-European populations. Five other genes associated with ICS response in previous studies were replicated. Additionally, an enrichment of associations in genes regulated by trichostatin A treatment was found. Conclusions The intergenic region of CACNA2D3 and WNT5A was revealed as a novel locus for asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment in European populations. Genes associated were related to trichostatin A, suggesting that this drug could regulate the molecular mechanisms involved in treatment response

Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré

Human milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care.Le lait maternel est considéré comme l’aliment de référence pour le développement des nouveau-nés. Cependant dans le cas des grands prématurés qui ont des besoins nutritionnels particulièrement élevés, le lait maternel ne permet pas toujours d’apporter des quantités optimales pour certaines molécules, en raison de déficiences intrinsèques ou des conditions d’administration.Nous avons étudié les relations entre l’alimentation actuelle des mères et la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés de leur lait. Les laits maternels du Sud de la France et de la région Nord/Ouest présentent un déséquilibre de la composition en défaveur des acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 du lait, notamment en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA). Ceci est en relation avec une consommation faible en poissons et produits de la mer, ainsi qu’une consommation importante d’AGPI n-6. Une deuxième partie du travail a porté sur la relation entre certaines molécules bioactives du lait et le développement intestinal des nouveau-nés. Le protocole de prise en charge nutritionnelle des nouveau-nés prématurés conduit à l’administration d’une faible quantité de molécules bioactives (AGPI n-3, phospholipides et plasmalogènes, sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ne permettant pas de couvrir les besoins, notamment en DHA, et probablement pas d’assurer une santé intestinale optimale pendant les premières semaines de vie. Un délai nécessaire pour atteindre la maturité digestive plus court est associé à la consommation d’AGPI pendant les deux premières semaines de vie, et de phospholipides (sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes) à partir de la deuxième semaine de vie. La consommation de sCD14 chez les enfants ne consommant que du lait de don est inversement corrélée au délai de maturité digestive. Nous avons constaté que cette molécule influence la réponse inflammatoire de cellules intestinales fœtales à une stimulation bactérienne chronique.Nous avons aussi étudié certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de laits d’espèces animales potentiellement intéressantes pour l’amélioration de la qualité des substituts ou des suppléments de lait et il apparait que le lait de chamelle présente des teneurs en sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes comparables à celles du lait humain. L’utilisation des traitements technologiques, comme la pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation, altère les propriétés du lait au niveau des teneurs en molécules bioactives (sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ainsi qu’au niveau de la structure du globule lipidique.En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la formulation de nouveaux substituts et de suppléments de lait maternel à élaborer pour une meilleure prise en charge des nouveau-nés

Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré

Le lait maternel est considéré comme l’aliment de référence pour le développement des nouveau-nés. Cependant dans le cas des grands prématurés qui ont des besoins nutritionnels particulièrement élevés, le lait maternel ne permet pas toujours d’apporter des quantités optimales pour certaines molécules, en raison de déficiences intrinsèques ou des conditions d’administration.Nous avons étudié les relations entre l’alimentation actuelle des mères et la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés de leur lait. Les laits maternels du Sud de la France et de la région Nord/Ouest présentent un déséquilibre de la composition en défaveur des acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 du lait, notamment en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA). Ceci est en relation avec une consommation faible en poissons et produits de la mer, ainsi qu’une consommation importante d’AGPI n-6. Une deuxième partie du travail a porté sur la relation entre certaines molécules bioactives du lait et le développement intestinal des nouveau-nés. Le protocole de prise en charge nutritionnelle des nouveau-nés prématurés conduit à l’administration d’une faible quantité de molécules bioactives (AGPI n-3, phospholipides et plasmalogènes, sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ne permettant pas de couvrir les besoins, notamment en DHA, et probablement pas d’assurer une santé intestinale optimale pendant les premières semaines de vie. Un délai nécessaire pour atteindre la maturité digestive plus court est associé à la consommation d’AGPI pendant les deux premières semaines de vie, et de phospholipides (sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes) à partir de la deuxième semaine de vie. La consommation de sCD14 chez les enfants ne consommant que du lait de don est inversement corrélée au délai de maturité digestive. Nous avons constaté que cette molécule influence la réponse inflammatoire de cellules intestinales fœtales à une stimulation bactérienne chronique.Nous avons aussi étudié certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de laits d’espèces animales potentiellement intéressantes pour l’amélioration de la qualité des substituts ou des suppléments de lait et il apparait que le lait de chamelle présente des teneurs en sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes comparables à celles du lait humain. L’utilisation des traitements technologiques, comme la pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation, altère les propriétés du lait au niveau des teneurs en molécules bioactives (sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ainsi qu’au niveau de la structure du globule lipidique.En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la formulation de nouveaux substituts et de suppléments de lait maternel à élaborer pour une meilleure prise en charge des nouveau-nés.Human milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care

Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré

Le lait maternel est considéré comme l’aliment de référence pour le développement des nouveau-nés. Cependant dans le cas des grands prématurés qui ont des besoins nutritionnels particulièrement élevés, le lait maternel ne permet pas toujours d’apporter des quantités optimales pour certaines molécules, en raison de déficiences intrinsèques ou des conditions d’administration.Nous avons étudié les relations entre l’alimentation actuelle des mères et la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés de leur lait. Les laits maternels du Sud de la France et de la région Nord/Ouest présentent un déséquilibre de la composition en défaveur des acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 du lait, notamment en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA). Ceci est en relation avec une consommation faible en poissons et produits de la mer, ainsi qu’une consommation importante d’AGPI n-6. Une deuxième partie du travail a porté sur la relation entre certaines molécules bioactives du lait et le développement intestinal des nouveau-nés. Le protocole de prise en charge nutritionnelle des nouveau-nés prématurés conduit à l’administration d’une faible quantité de molécules bioactives (AGPI n-3, phospholipides et plasmalogènes, sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ne permettant pas de couvrir les besoins, notamment en DHA, et probablement pas d’assurer une santé intestinale optimale pendant les premières semaines de vie. Un délai nécessaire pour atteindre la maturité digestive plus court est associé à la consommation d’AGPI pendant les deux premières semaines de vie, et de phospholipides (sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes) à partir de la deuxième semaine de vie. La consommation de sCD14 chez les enfants ne consommant que du lait de don est inversement corrélée au délai de maturité digestive. Nous avons constaté que cette molécule influence la réponse inflammatoire de cellules intestinales fœtales à une stimulation bactérienne chronique.Nous avons aussi étudié certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de laits d’espèces animales potentiellement intéressantes pour l’amélioration de la qualité des substituts ou des suppléments de lait et il apparait que le lait de chamelle présente des teneurs en sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes comparables à celles du lait humain. L’utilisation des traitements technologiques, comme la pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation, altère les propriétés du lait au niveau des teneurs en molécules bioactives (sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ainsi qu’au niveau de la structure du globule lipidique.En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la formulation de nouveaux substituts et de suppléments de lait maternel à élaborer pour une meilleure prise en charge des nouveau-nés.Human milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care

Editorial for Special Issue “Lactic Acid Bacteria, Biopreservation Agents for Fruit and Vegetables”

Amongst the microbial diversity in the food chain, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are in the front row for their positive roles [...

Lactic Fermented Fruit or Vegetable Juices: Past, Present and Future

International audienceNumerous traditional low-alcohol fermented beverages produced from fruit or vegetables are described around the world. Fruit and vegetables and lactic fermented products both present nutritional benefits, which give reasons for the recent expansion of non-dairy lactic fermented juices on the market. In addition, fruit and vegetable juices are new carriers for probiotic bacteria. Specific phenotypic traits of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are required so that LAB can effectively grow in fruit or vegetable juices, increase their safety and improve their sensory and nutritional quality. From the diversity of microbiota of spontaneous fermentations, autochthonous starters can be selected, and their higher performance than allochthonous LAB was demonstrated. Achieving long-term storage and constant high quality of these beverages requires additional processing steps, such as heat treatment. Alternatives to conventional treatments are investigated as they can better preserve nutritional properties, extract bioactive compounds and promote the growth and metabolism of LAB. Specific processing approaches were shown to increase probiotic viability of fruit and vegetable juices. More knowledge on the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacterium consortium in fruit or vegetable juices has become a bottleneck for the understanding and the prediction of changes in bioactive compounds for functional beverages development. Hopefully, the recent developments of metabolomics and methods to describe enzymatic machinery can result in the reconstruction of fermentative pathways

Effect of Moist Cooking Blanching on Colour, Phenolic Metabolites and Glucosinolate Content in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis)

International audienceNon-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis) is a widely consumed leafy vegetable by the rural people in South Africa. Traditional blanching methods (5%, 10% or 20% lemon juice solutions in steam, microwave treatments and hot water bath at 95 • C) on the changes of colour properties, phenolic metabolites, glucosinolates and antioxidant properties were investigated in this study. Blanching at 95 • C in 5% lemon juice solution maintained the chlorophyll content, reduced the difference in colour change ∆E, and increased the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities (ferric reducing-antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay). The highest concentration of kaempferol-dihexoside, kaempferol-sophoroside, kaempferol hexoside, and ferulic acid was noted in samples blanched in 5% lemon juice, at 95 • C. However, concentrations of kaempferol O-sophoroside-O-hexoside was highest in raw leaf samples. Supervised Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and the UPLC-MS and chemometric approach showed the acid protocatechuoyl hexose unique marker identified responsible for the separation of the blanching treatments (5% lemon juice at 95 • C) and raw leaves. However, other unidentified markers are also responsible for the separation of the two groups (the raw leaves and the hot water moist blanched samples) and these need to be identified. Blanching at 95 • C in 10% lemon solution significantly increased the glucosinolate sinigrin content. Overall blanching at 95 • C in 5% lemon juice solution can be recommended to preserve the functional compounds in Nightshade leaves