The diet of young eaters: a specific requirement requiring a reorganisation of family eating habits

International audienceThe diet of young eaters: a specific requirement requiring a reorganisation of family eating habitsL’alimentation des jeunes mangeurs : un besoin spécifique entrainant une réorganisation alimentaire familialeWe decided to take a look at what children eat by focusing on some analyses and results from a research programme on the diet of very young eaters, i.e. children aged between 0 and 3 (Dupuy and Rochedy, 2015). By analysing the underside of domestic and parental production in respect of the diet of small children, the report will focus on the supply journey, storage methods, culinary techniques, table manners and post-meal practices, describing them in terms of different life stages and also in respect of the development and socialisation of children. From a sociological point of view, how can we analyse the parental practices related to the act of feeding alongside those related to the construction of the list, or even the register, of what young children eat as a result of diversification? The various aspects of the work of parents have been investigated (Vandelac et al., 1985): the material work (shopping, preparing food and feeding the child/children but also the rest of the family, etc.), the cognitive work (thinking about what to eat and how to prepare it and anticipating the shopping that needs to be done, etc.) and the sentimental and relational work (family cohesion, being together, conversations/discussions around the child's diet, pleasure, conviviality and the child's well-being, etc.). It then becomes possible to question the evidence of this social fact: studying the work of parents in respect of the diet of young eaters in order to understand the changes, the disparities and the inequalities as well as the construction of the dietary practices of young eaters and the impact of parental work on their socialisation. This line of questioning, which is situated at the crossroads of the sociology of food, childhood, the family, health and gender relations, demands that particular attention be given to the juxtaposition and the combination of several dimensions. Firstly, the social construction of childhood (and early childhood) with the current place of the child and the small child, of children and small children, of childhood and early childhood, in the family, in culture and, more widely, the society under examination, which creates understanding of the socialisation, and particularly the multiple facets (horizontal, vertical and inverse) of food socialisation and the underlying inter/intra-generational relationships. Furthermore, the life stages and diet of the child are taken into account in the process of constructing the list of food (construction of likes and dislikes, rejections, preferences, neophobia, pleasure and emotion) alongside the prevalent childcare norms today. Finally, the issue of domestic and parental work (mental and physical tasks and the division and inequality of work within the family) and the "care" aspect, i.e. "thinking about others", which includes tangible and intangible practices, such as "emotional" components, provide an insight into the complexity of this task.Several points concerning the study are worthy of particular attention. The first relates to the fact that it takes into account a change in the child's diet from birth with milk given to begin with (dietary diversification with the first purée and then textured food with the introduction of lumps) until the child is integrated into family mealtimes, both physically and symbolically, by being served the same food as the rest of the family. These changes require ongoing readjustments in the feeding environment. Furthermore, this study takes a look at the practices and representations of the young child's diet from the point of view of the feeding environment while also considering what the child does with what he receives. Next, transitory ritualisation processes will be considered in order to reflect on the issue of these small rites that enable the child's socialisation and to verbalise the unspoken organisational aspects of the feeding environment in terms of certain cognitive shortcuts that are far from insignificant in daily life, comprising a vital process for parental organisation and, more broadly, for the feeding environment. The "transitory" dimension made it possible to put change and the dynamics of child and adult adaptation at the centre of the ritualisation of daily life as a result of the swings and transitions at work during food socialisation leading the child towards a non-specific diet. Thus, by analysing the diet of young children in this way, it was possible to study the various mental and physical pressures present in the feeding environment and the disparities at work in the threefold work of acquisition-transformation, relationship and love involved in the feeding role. Here again, the plurality and the complexity observed made it possible to re-question the division of domestic and parental tasks in respect of food during early childhood both in practice and in terms of values. Finally, implicitly throughout this study, we looked at the effects of the various educational influences on the processes of food socialisation in the child. The more a person is involved in the feeding role, the more that person has an influence on the relationship between food and the child's health, pleasure, well-being, self-fulfilment and development (Dupuy, 2013, 2014). Consequently, the socialisation processes experienced with the child are complicated, even more so given the concerns that weigh heavily on early childhood, which are currently centred on the importance of feeding children tasty healthy food in the first 1000 days of their lives. Nutritional needs, dietary needs and emotional needs are combined and are translated into, among other things, a sense of catching up in the feeding methods used or by parental guilt and also by a "stencil effect" (Fischler, 1990) in terms of both the list of foods offered to the child and the way in which the child is fed depending on the circumstances, the place, the time, the effect produced, etc. These elements can influence the socialisation processes at work in the child, i.e. what the child receives, how he experiences it and relates to it emotionally and, more importantly, what he takes away from it. Consequently, in the first part, we will set out the context and the challenges of children's diets in order to set the stage for questions involving the concerns surrounding the relationships between diet and health and diet and transmission for early childhood as a result of the importance placed on the first 1000 days in the life of a child. This will provide an opportunity to put these notions back in the centre of individual, collective and social dynamics. The second part will deal with the unequal distribution of the feeding work in respect of the young child. A third part will look at the empirical data of this study, and will be broken down into discussions on the methodology employed and on the study populations in the two geographical areas of France: Toulouse, Paris and their respective suburbs. Finally, the fourth and fifth parts will revisit two particular results from our research. We will discuss the organisational logic and the processes of food socialisation in order to gain an understanding of the evolution of the dietary act by moving away from the specific in favour of the general. We will then suggest a description and an analysis of the complex and unequal feeding work undertaken by parents. Bibliography: Dupuy A., 2013, Plaisirs alimentaires, Socialisation des enfants et des adolescents, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Dupuy A., 2014, « Regard(s) « sur » et « par » l’alimentation pour renverser et comprendre comment sont renversés les rapports de générations : l’exemple de la socialisation alimentaire inversée », Enfances Familles Générations, p. 79-108.Dupuy A et Rochedy A., 2015, L’alimentation des O-3 ans.Compréhension des processus de socialisations alimentaires des enfants entre 0 et 3 ans et étude des logiques de co-socialisation et de co-éducation de l’entourage nourricier, Rapport de Recherche CNRS – Blédina. Fischler C., 1990, L’homnivore, Paris, Odile Jacob.Vandelac L., Bélisle D., Gauthier A. et Pinard Y., 1985, Du travail et de l’amour, les dessous de la production domestique, Québec, Saint-Martin

Thermal analysis of parts produced by L-PBF and correlation with dimensional accuracy

Laser-Power Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is continuing to grow in use among the industrial field. This process allows the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry, good dimensional accuracy, and few post-processing steps. However, deviations can still be observed on the final parts. It is known in the literature that all of these deviations can be imputed to some extent to thermal phenomena such as overheating or thermal gradient through residual stress relaxation. The objective of this study is to reach a better understanding of the influence of the thermal properties on the dimensional accuracy of parts produced by L-PBF. To do so, an infrared camera has been instrumented inside the machine, allowing the determination of the temperature of parts during the process. Thin walls with different process parameters (laser power, scanning speed…) and nominal dimensions were manufactured and measured afterwards with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Thermal acquisitions were performed at different moments during the fabrication and give access to the cooling rate of the observed parts. Least square fitting has been used to approximate the cooling rate function and returns characteristic times that are used to compare the different manufacturing configurations. In the end, a correlation has been established between the process parameters, the thermal parameters, and the dimensional accuracy of the parts. Form deviations, possibly due to residual stress, have only been observed on the thinnest wall, which is also the part with the highest measured thermal gradients. Other form deviations were due to roughness

Triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin for screening insulin resistance in obese patients

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Assessment of insulin resistance (IR) is essential in non-diabetic patients with obesity. Thus study aims to identify the best determinants of IR and to propose an original approach for routine assessment of IR in obesity. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: All adult with obesity defined by a body mass index >=30kg/m2, evaluated in the Nutrition Department between January 2010 and January 2015 were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients with diabetes were excluded. IR was diagnosed according to the HOMA-IR. Based on a logistic regression, we determined a composite score of IR. We then tested the variables with a principal component analysis and a hierarchical clustering analysis. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients with obesity were included. IR was associated with grade III obesity (OR=2.6[1.6-4.4], p\textless0.001), HbA1c>=5.7% (OR=2.6[1.7-4.0], p\textless0.001), hypertriglyceridemia \textgreater1.7mmol/l (OR=3.0[2.0-4.5], p\textless0.001) and age (OR=0.98[0.96-0.99], p=0.002). Exploratory visual analysis using factor map and clustering analysis revealed that lipid and carbohydrates metabolism abnormalities were correlated with insulin resistance but not with excessive fat accumulation and low-grade inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the interest of simple blood tests such as HbA1c and triglyceride determination, which associated with BMI, may be widely available tools for screening IR in obese patients

Terminal-Selective Functionalization of Alkyl Chains by Regioconvergent Cross-Coupling

Hydrocarbons are still the most important precursors of functionalized organic molecules, which has stirred interest in the discovery of new C−H bond functionalization methods. We describe herein a new step-economical approach that enables C−C bonds to be constructed at the terminal position of linear alkanes. First, we show that secondary alkyl bromides can undergo in situ conversion into alkyl zinc bromides and regioconvergent Negishi coupling with aryl or alkenyl triflates. The use of a suitable phosphine ligand favoring Pd migration enabled the selective formation of the linear cross-coupling product. Subsequently, mixtures of secondary alkyl bromides were prepared from linear alkanes by standard bromination, and regioconvergent cross-coupling then provided access to the corresponding linear arylation product in only two steps

Mycoplasma mycoides, from "mycoides Small Colony" to "capri". A microevolutionary perspective

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Mycoplasma mycoides </it>cluster consists of five species or subspecies that are ruminant pathogens. One subspecies, <it>Mycoplasma mycoides </it>subspecies <it>mycoides </it>Small Colony (MmmSC), is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Its very close relative, <it>Mycoplasma mycoides </it>subsp. <it>capri </it>(Mmc), is a more ubiquitous pathogen in small ruminants causing mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia and septicaemia and is also found as saprophyte in the ear canal. To understand the genetics underlying these phenotypic differences, we compared the MmmSC PG1 type strain genome, which was already available, with the genome of an Mmc field strain (95010) that was sequenced in this study. We also compared the 95010 genome with the recently published genome of another Mmc strain (GM12) to evaluate Mmc strain diversity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The MmmSC PG1 genome is 1,212 kbp and that of Mmc 95010 is ca. 58 kbp shorter. Most of the sequences present in PG1 but not 95010 are highly repeated Insertion Sequences (three types of IS) and large duplicated DNA fragments. The 95010 genome contains five types of IS, present in fewer copies than in PG1, and two copies of an integrative conjugative element. These mobile genetic elements have played a key role in genome plasticity, leading to inversions of large DNA fragments. Comparison of the two genomes suggested a marked decay of the PG1 genome that seems to be correlated with a greater number of IS. The repertoire of gene families encoding surface proteins is smaller in PG1. Several genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism and protein degradation are also absent from, or degraded in, PG1.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The genome of MmmSC PG1 is larger than that of Mmc 95010, its very close relative, but has less coding capacity. This is the result of large genetic rearrangements due to mobile elements that have also led to marked gene decay. This is consistent with a non-adaptative genomic complexity theory, allowing duplications or pseudogenes to be maintained in the absence of adaptive selection that would lead to purifying selection and genome streamlining over longer evolutionary times. These findings also suggest that MmmSC only recently adapted to its bovine host.</p

An immunoinformatics-derived DNA vaccine encoding human class II T cell epitopes of Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is immunogenic in HLA transgenic mice

Immunoinformatics tools were used to predict human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted T cell epitopes within the envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins of Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) and the structural proteins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Selected epitopes were tested for binding to soluble HLA molecules representing 5 class II alleles (DRB1*0101, DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0701, and DRB1*1501). All but one of the 25 tested peptides bound to at least one of the DRB1 alleles, and 4 of the peptides bound at least moderately or weakly to all 5 DRB1 alleles. Additional algorithms were used to design a single “string-of-beads” expression construct with 44 selected epitopes arranged to avoid creation of spurious junctional epitopes. Seventeen of these 44 predicted epitopes were conserved between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans and mice, allowing initial testing in mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with the multi-epitope construct developed statistically significant cellular immune responses to EBOV, SUDV, and VEEV peptides as measured by interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot assays. Significant levels of antibodies to VEEV, but not EBOV, were also detected in vaccinated BALB/c mice. To assess immunogenicity in the context of a human MHC, HLA-DR3 transgenic mice were vaccinated with the multi-epitope construct and boosted with a mixture of the 25 peptides used in the binding assays. The vaccinated HLA-DR3 mice developed significant cellular immune responses to 4 of the 25 (16%) tested individual class II peptides as measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assays. In addition, these mice developed antibodies against EBOV and VEEV as measured by ELISA. While a low but significant level of protection was observed in vaccinated transgenic mice after aerosol exposure to VEEV, no protection was observed after intraperitoneal challenge with mouse-adapted EBOV. These studies provide proof of concept for the use of an informatics approach to design a multi-agent, multi-epitope immunogen and provide a basis for further testing aimed at focusing immune responses toward desired protective T cell epitopes

Cross-Linguistic Variation in the Meaning of Quantifiers: Implications for Pragmatic Enrichment

One of the most studied scales in the literature on scalar implicatures is the quantifier scale. While the truth of some is entailed by the truth of all, some is felicitous only when all is false. This opens the possibility that some would be felicitous if, e.g., almost all of the objects in the restriction of the quantifier have the property ascribed by the nuclear scope. This prediction from the standard theory of quantifier interpretation clashes with native speakers’ intuitions. In Experiment 1 we report a questionnaire study on the perception of quantifier meanings in English, French, Slovenian, and German which points to a cross-linguistic variation with respect to the perception of numerical bounds of the existential quantifier. In Experiment 2, using a picture choice task, we further examine whether the numerical bound differences correlate with differences in pragmatic interpretations of the quantifier some in English and quelques in French and interpret the results as supporting our hypothesis that some and its cross-linguistic counterparts are subjected to different processes of pragmatic enrichment

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Interopérabilité des systèmes d'information : approches dirigées par les modèles

National audienceInformation systems are more and more often based on aggregation of other systems that must be maintained and evolved in an agile way and with no entropy creation. This is not without interoperability problems! Among others, the aim of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is to provide solutions for interoperability issues between systems. This paper summarizes thoughts that have come up from the specific action "Interoper- ability of information systems and model-driven engineering: What challenges? What solutions?" supported by inforsid. We propose a summary of approaches that are based on MDE and knowledge engineering and that tackle interoperability issues in the industry. Open questions and limitations that raised during the meetings are also reported