Mémoires berlinoises, ou « l’heure zéro » de Billy Wilder

L’auteur du présent article examine le contexte dans lequel Billy Wilder, en mission à Berlin pour l’armée américaine en 1945, est amené à inaugurer un genre nouveau, une « comédie de ruines » qui croise les représentations des vainqueurs et celles des vaincus. A Foreign Affair (1948), mettant en scène Marlène Dietrich en tant qu’« ancienne nazie », sera sa réponse cinématographique à « l’heure zéro » allemande. C’est en travaillant à partir des images documentaires et des genres déjà existants que le film acquiert paradoxalement une dimension de témoignage mémoriel unique.The author analyses the context in which Billy Wilder, sent to Berlin in 1945 with the US Army, became the creator of the “comedy of ruins,” a new genre that mixes the portrayal of the victorious with that of the vanquished. Starring Marlene Dietrich as a former Nazi, A Foreign Affair (1948) is Wilder’s filmic answer to Germany’s “year zero.” Working with both documentary images and pre-existing genres, the film paradoxically becomes a unique memorial testament

Patagons et Polynésiens. Premières estampes du Pacifique : un nouveau régime de l’image imprimée

Symbolisant un nouveau type d’exploration, les relations officielles des voyages autour du monde des années 1770-1780 comprennent un grand nombre de gravures illustrant la rencontre avec les indigènes inconnus des « Mers du Sud ». Le plus souvent gravées d’après les dessins des savants et artistes à bord, les représentations des Patagons, réduits à leur taille réelle par une rhétorique de la mesure, et celles des Polynésiens, magnifiés par le canon néoclassique, montrent de manière exemplaire combien les savoirs anthropologiques, pour être opérants, dépendent des techniques et médias de reproduction.Symbolizing a new type of exploration, official accounts of voyages around the world in the 1770s and 1780s include many prints illustrating encounters with indigenous people of the South Seas. Engraved mostly based on drawings made by on-board scientists and artists, depictions of Patagonians (reduced to their actual size by a rhetoric of accuracy) and Polynesians (magnified by a neoclassical canon) illustrate how anthropological knowledge hinges on graphical means and techniques

Terminal NK cell maturation is controlled by concerted actions of T-bet and Zeb2 and is essential for melanoma rejection

Natural killer (NK) cell maturation is a tightly controlled process that endows NK cells with functional competence and the capacity to recognize target cells. Here, we found that the transcription factor (TF) Zeb2 was the most highly induced TF during NK cell maturation. Zeb2 is known to control epithelial to mesenchymal transition, but its role in immune cells is mostly undefined. Targeted deletion of Zeb2 resulted in impaired NK cell maturation, survival, and exit from the bone marrow. NK cell function was preserved, but mice lacking Zeb2 in NK cells were more susceptible to B16 melanoma lung metastases. Reciprocally, ectopic expression of Zeb2 resulted in a higher frequency of mature NK cells in all organs. Moreover, the immature phenotype of Zeb2(-/-) NK cells closely resembled that of Tbx21(-/-) NK cells. This was caused by both a dependence of Zeb2 expression on T-bet and a probable cooperation of these factors in gene regulation. Transgenic expression of Zeb2 in Tbx21(-/-) NK cells partially restored a normal maturation, establishing that timely induction of Zeb2 by T-bet is an essential event during NK cell differentiation. Finally, this novel transcriptional cascade could also operate in human as T-bet and Zeb2 are similarly regulated in mouse and human NK cells