Perspectivas sobre religión y filosofía en los inicios del idealismo alemán : Fichte y Schelling antes de 1794

Fichte y Schelling comenzaron su carrera intelectual bajo la órbita del kantismo y su revolución copernicana. En especial el primer Fichte desarrolla una doctrina ilustrada que intenta poner límites racionales a toda posible revelación divina, para luego desarrollar una filosofía que ha asimilado enteramente en sí Ia fe cristiana como máxima realización de la Razón universal. Por su parte, Schelling rechazará la vertiente kantiana de la Ilusrración y se decidirá por un spinozismo místico y por un intento de recobrar el mundo de las creencias religiosas positivas como ámbito máis pleno de realización del espíritu humano.Fitche and Schelling began their intellectual way under the influence of the kantism and its copernican revolution. The early Fitche is a philosoph of the Enligthtenment who wants to put rational limits to all divine revelation, in order to develop a philosophy that has assimilated completely the Christian faith as the highest manifestation of universal Reason. Schelling, in the other hand, will disapprove the rationalism of Enlightment and decide to follow a mystic Spinozism, by trying to make the world of religious believes the most important embodiment of human spirit

Metafísica y filosofía de la religión en Hegel

Hegel critica la falta de consecuencia de la teología cristiana tradicional por hacer de Dios algo inaccesible, abstracto, desligado de la realidad finita, y por aceptar la facticidad de la conciencia religiosa como una postura alienada, que no lucha por la transformación de la realidad. Pero la racionalización de la fe cristiana introducida por el reduccionismo de Hegel es desenmascarada por la teología consciente de que el discurso de la filosofía sobre la religión elimina el elemento de misterio y relación interpersonal que es constitutivo de la experiencia religiosa cristiana. La fe cuestiona todo discurso sobre Dios.Hegel criticises the lack of coherence of the traditional Christian theology, that makes God inaccessible, abstracted of the finite reality, and accepts the facticity of religious consciousness as an alienation that does not fight for the transformation of reality. But the rationalization of Christian faith that Hegel's reduccionism introduces is dismasked by theology and its consciousness of the discourse of philosophy about religion suppresses the mystery and the personal relations that constitutes the Christian religious experience. Faith questions every discourse about God

Metafísica y filosofía de la religión en Hege

Hegel critica la falta de conseqüència de la teologia cristiana tradicional per fer de Déu quelcom inaccessible, abstracte, deslligat de la realitat finita, i per acceptar la facticitat de la consciència religiosa com una postura alienada, que no lluita per la transformació de la realitat. Però la racionalització de la fe cristiana introduïda pel reduccionisme de Hegel es desemmascarada per la teologia conscient que el discurs de la filosofia sobre la religió elimina l’element de misteri i relació interpersonal que és constitutiu de l’experiència religiosa cristiana. La fe qüestiona tot discurs sobre Déu.Hegel criticises the lack of coherence of the traditional Christian theology, that makes Godinaccessible, abstracted of the finite reality, and accepts the facticity of religious cons c i o u snessas an alienation that does not fight for the transformation of reality. But the rationalizationof Christian faith that Hegel's reduccionism introduces is dismasked by theologyand its consciousness of the discourse of philosophy about religion suppresses the mysteryand the personal relations that constitutes the Christian religious experience. Faith questionsevery discourse about God.Hegel critica la falta de consecuencia de la teología cristiana tradicional por hacer de Diosalgo inaccesible, abstracto, desligado de la realidad finita, y por aceptar la facticidad de laconciencia religiosa como una postura alienada, que no lucha por la transformación de larealidad. Pero la racionalización de la fe cristiana introducida por el reduccionismo deHegel es desenmascarada por la teología consciente de que el discurso de la filosofía sobrela religión elimina el elemento de misterio y relación interpersonal que es constitutivo dela experiencia religiosa cristiana. La fe cuestiona todo discurso sobre Dios

Genes for asparagine metabolism in Lotus japonicus : differential expression and interconnection with photorespiration

Background: Asparagine is a very important nitrogen transport and storage compound in plants due to its high nitrogen/carbon ratio and stability. Asparagine intracellu lar concentration depends on a balance between asparagine biosynthesis and degradation. The main enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism are as paragine synthetase (ASN), asparaginase (NSE) and serine-glyoxylate aminotransfera se (SGAT). The study of the genes encoding for these enzymes in the model legume Lotus japonicus is of particular interest since it has been proposed that asparagine is the principal molecule used to transport reduced nitrogen within the plant in most temperate legumes. Results: A differential expression of genes encoding for seve ral enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism was detected in L. japonicus . ASN is encoded by three genes, LjASN1 was the most highly expressed in mature leaves while LjASN2 expression was negligible and LjASN3 showed a low expression in this organ, suggesting that LjASN1 is the main gene responsible for asparagine synthesis in mature leaves. In young leaves, LjASN3 was the only ASN gene expressed although at low levels, while all the three genes encoding for NSE were highly expressed, especially LjNSE1 .Innodules, LjASN2 and LjNSE2 were the most highly expressed genes, suggesting an important role for these genes in this organ. Several lines of evidence support the connection between asparagine metabolic genes and photorespiration in L. japonicus : a) a mutant plant deficient in LjNSE1 showed a dramatic decrease in the expression of the two genes encoding for SGAT; b) expression of the genes involved in asparagine metabolism is altered in a photorespiratory mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase; c) a clustering analysis indicated a similar pattern of expression among several genes involved in photorespiratory and asparagine metabolism, indicating a clear link between LjASN1 and LjSGAT genes and photorespiration. Conclusions: The results obtained in this paper indicate the exis tence of a differential expression of asparagine metabolic genes in L. japonicus and point out the crucial relevance of particular genes in different organs. Moreover, the data presented establish clear links betw een asparagine and photorespiratory metabolic genes in this plant.Junta de Andalucía (P10-CVI- 6368)FEDER-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL 2014 – 54413-R

Influence of the Surface Viscosity on the Breakup of a Surfactant-Laden Drop

We examine both theoretically and experimentally the breakup of a pendant drop loaded with an insoluble surfactant. The experiments show that a significant amount of surfactant is trapped in the resulting satellite droplet. This result contradicts previous theoretical predictions, where the effects of surface tension variation were limited to solutocapillarity and Marangoni stresses.We solve numerically the hydrodynamic equations, including not only those effects but also those of surface shear and dilatational viscosities. We show that surface viscosities play a critical role to explain the accumulation of surfactant in the satellite droplet.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2013-46485-C3-1-R, TRA2013- 45808-RJunta de Extremadura GR1004

Simultaneous determination of traces of PT, PD, OS, IR, RH, AG and AU by using magnetic nanoparticles solid phase extraction coupled with ICP OES

The direct analysis of these target analytes is very limited being essential sample pre-treatment techniques and the use of very sensitive instrumental techniques to carry out determinations. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry shows a poor sensitivity because the concentration of some elements in environmental samples is below the detection limit of ICP OES. To solve this problem, preconcentration separation procedures have been proposed, minimizing the spectral and matrix interferences. Thus, enrichment is a very important issue for achievement of low detection limits [1-4]. In this study, a chelating resin 1,5 bis (di 2 pyridil) methylene thiocarbonohydrazide bonded to iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (DPTH-MNPs) were synthesized. These magnetic nanoparticles were employed as a solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent for the separation and concentration of trace amounts of 7 elements (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Ir, Rh and Os) from environmental water samples. The main aim of this work was to develop a precise and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of the maximum possible number of elements by using this new absorbent and a multimode sample introduction system (MSIS). The MSIS acts as a system for the generation, separation and introduction of chemical vapours (CVG) and also as an introduction system for sample aerosols, in a simultaneous form, into an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The on-line SPE-CVG-ICP-OES system developed was applied in the determination of the aforementioned metals in natural water samples (sea water, estuarine, lake and river water), with the least demanding and simple sample preparation procedure. The developed method was validated by analysing natural water certified reference materials (TMDA 54.4 fortified lake waters and SRM 1643e, trace elements in water; and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST-2557 autocatalyst). Sea water, tap water and well water samples collected from Malaga (Spain) were also analysed. The procedure has been demonstrated to be fast, easy, automatic, selective and economical, and the sensitivity was good. The main advantage of DPTH-MNPs is its very good stability and resistance because chemisorption of chelating molecules on the surface of solid supports provides immobility, mechanical stability and insolubility. The precision (RSD), accuracy (by standard addition or recovery) and limit of detection (LOD) were used to evaluate the characteristics of the procedure. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied in the simultaneous determination of the 7 elements mentioned above with a sample throughput of about 13 h-1, thereby, reducing the time of analysis and the volume of reagents and sample required. References [1] M. Tuzen, M. Soylak, D. Citak, H.S. Ferreira, M.G.A. Korn, M.A. Bezerra, A pre-concentration system for determination of copper and nickel in water and food samples employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Journal of Haz-ardous Materials 162 (2009) 1041–1045. [2] Y. Cui, X. Chang, Y. Zhai, X. Zhu, H. Zheng, N. Lian, ICP-AES determination of trace elements after preconcentrated with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-modified nanometer SiO2 from sample solution, Microchem. J. 83 (2006) 35–41. [3] P. Liang, B. Hu, Z. Jiang, Y. Qin, T. Peng, Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide micro-column on-line preconcentration of La, Y, Yb, Eu, Dy and their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 16 (2001) 863–866. [4] B. Feist, B. Mikula, K. Pytlakowska, B. Puzio, F. Buhl, Determination of heavy metals by ICP-OES and F-AAS after preconcentration with 2,2-bipyridyl and erythrosine, J. Hazard. Mater. 152 (2008) 1122–1129.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The City of Murcia through the Analysis Proposed by the Geography of Perception and Behavior: A Dialectic between Rational and Emotional Space

El análisis y utilización del espacio interior de la ciudad, está condicionado no sólo por factores económicos y sociales, sino también por las imágenes o representaciones mentales que las personas se hacen de los lugares en los que viven o conocen a través de las fuentes de información que existen. Las imágenes mentales están influenciadas por los caminos que se emplean en los desplazamientos, los lugares frecuentados y los sentimientos de identificación o rechazo con el espacio objeto de uso cotidiano. Se presentan los resultados de una muestra significativa de encuestas (M=215) y de los mapas mentales elaborados para conocer la percepción de la ciudad de Murcia por sus habitantes. A partir de los resultados, se buscarán propuestas de mejora que contribuyan al crecimiento armónico y sostenible de la ciudad, corrigiendo deficiencias palpables que puedan alterar la calidad de vida en ella.The analysis and use of the interior space of the city is conditioned not only by economic and social factors, but also by the images or mental representations that people make of the places where they live or know through sources of information that exist. Mental imagery is influenced by the paths used in the journeys, the places that are frequented and the feelings of identification or rejection with the space object of daily use. We present the results of a significant sample of surveys (M = 215) and of the mental maps elaborated to know the perception of the city of Murcia by its inhabitants. Based on the results, proposals will be sought for improvement that contribute to the harmonious and sustainable growth of the city, correcting palpable deficiencies that may alter the quality of life in it

Influence of Titanium Oxide Pillar Array Nanometric Structures and Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Properties of the Surface of Dental Implants: A Pilot Study

Aim: Titanium implants are commonly used as replacement therapy for lost teeth and much current research is focusing on the improvement of the chemical and physical properties of their surfaces in order to improve the osseointegration process. TiO2, when it is deposited in the form of pillar array nanometric structures, has photocatalytic properties and wet surface control, which, together with UV irradiation, provide it with superhydrophilic surfaces, which may be of interest for improving cell adhesion on the peri-implant surface. In this article, we address the influence of this type of surface treatment on type IV and type V titanium discs on their surface energy and cell growth on them. Materials and methods: Samples from titanium rods used for making dental implants were used. There were two types of samples: grade IV and grade V. In turn, within each grade, two types of samples were differentiated: untreated and treated with sand blasting and subjected to double acid etching. Synthesis of the film consisting of titanium oxide pillar array structures was carried out using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition equipment. The plasma was generated in a quartz vessel by an external SLAN-1 microwave source with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Five specimens from each group were used (40 discs in total). On the surfaces to be studied, the following determinations were carried out: (a) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, (b) scanning electron microscopy, (c) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (d) profilometry, (e) contact angle measurement or surface wettability, (f) progression of contact angle on applying ultraviolet irradiation, and (g) a biocompatibility test and cytotoxicity with cell cultures. Results: The application of ultraviolet light decreased the hydrophobicity of all the surfaces studied, although it did so to a greater extent on the surfaces with the studied modification applied, this being more evident in samples manufactured in grade V titanium. In samples made in grade IV titanium, this difference was less evident, and even in the sample manufactured with grade IV and SLA treatment, the application of the nanometric modification of the surface made the surface optically less active. Regarding cell growth, all the surfaces studied, grouped in relation to the presence or not of the nanometric treatment, showed similar growth. Conclusions. Treatment of titanium oxide surfaces with ultraviolet irradiation made them change temporarily into superhydrophilic ones, which confirms that their biocompatibility could be improved in this way, or at least be maintained