Expérience et diplôme : une discordance créatrice

Cet article, qui présente aussi l’ensemble du numéro, porte sur le problème des connaissances et de leur développement à partir de la distinction établie par Vygotski entre « concepts quotidiens » et « concepts scientifiques ». Expérience et diplômes ne sont pourtant pas antagonistes par nature. À partir de trois études récentes menées par l’équipe de Clinique de l’Activité sur la validation des acquis professionnels, cet article propose de voir le dispositif de validation des acquis comme une « méthode indirecte », nécessaire, selon Vygotski, pour comprendre le développement de la pensée. C’est sous cet angle qu’on peut comprendre la fonction du dossier du candidat ainsi que celle des référentiels de diplôme, et du travail des accompagnateurs : ils contribuent à multiplier les contextes d’énonciation.This article, which also constitutes an introduction to this issue, concerns the dilemma of knowledge and its development in the light of the distinction made between « everyday » and « scientific » concepts, as established by Vygotsky. Professional experience and diplomas however are not necessarily incompatible. Taking three recent case studies, concerning the validation of professional experience carried out by the « Clinique de l’Activité » research team, this article examines the idea that the acquired knowledge validation process is an « indirect method », according to Vygotsky, which is necessary in order to understand the development of a person’s way of thinking. From this perspective, it is possible to comprehend the role played by the candidate’s employment record as well as that played by his/her qualifications and the counselor’s work. They all contribute to the multiplication of the enunciation contexts

Postface : La VAE entre repli sécuritaire et développement des compétences

Peut-on valider les acquis de l’expérience dans les termes d’une certification, qui doit également attester des acquis d’une formation ? Si c’est le cas, dans quelles conditions est-ce possible ? À partir de la lecture des articles qui composent ce numéro, nous revenons sur deux résultats d’une série d’études que nous avons réalisées depuis 1998 à propos de la validation des acquis. Ainsi, nous interrogeons d’abord la nature des référentiels et des acquis à valider, puis le rôle du collectif ..

Real-time pollen monitoring using digital holography

We present the first validation of the SwisensPoleno, currently the only operational automatic pollen mon-itoring system based on digital holography. The device pro-vides in-flight images of all coarse aerosols, and here wedevelop a two-step classification algorithm that uses theseimages to identify a range of pollen taxa. Deterministiccriteria based on the shape of the particle are applied toinitially distinguish between intact pollen grains and othercoarse particulate matter. This first level of discriminationidentifies pollen with an accuracy of 96 %. Thereafter, in-dividual pollen taxa are recognized using supervised learn-ing techniques. The algorithm is trained using data obtainedby inserting known pollen types into the device, and out ofeight pollen taxa six can be identified with an accuracy ofabove 90 %. In addition to the ability to correctly identifyaerosols, an automatic pollen monitoring system needs to beable to correctly determine particle concentrations. To fur-ther verify the device, controlled chamber experiments us-ing polystyrene latex beads were performed. This providedreference aerosols with traceable particle size and numberconcentrations in order to ensure particle size and samplingvolume were correctly characterized

Conditions of emergence of the Sooty Bark Disease and aerobiology of Cryptostroma corticale in Europe

The sooty bark disease (SBD) is an emerging disease affecting sycamore maple trees (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Europe. Cryptostroma corticale, the causal agent, putatively native to eastern North America, can be also pathogenic for humans causing pneumonitis. It was first detected in 1945 in Europe, with markedly increasing reports since 2000. Pathogen development appears to be linked to heat waves and drought episodes. Here, we analyse the conditions of the SBD emergence in Europe based on a three-decadal time -series data set. We also assess the suitability of aerobiological samples using a species-specific quantitative PCR assay to inform the epidemiology of C. corticale, through a regional study in France comparing two-year aerobiological and epidemiological data, and a continental study including 12 air samplers from six countries (Czechia, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland). We found that an accumulated water deficit in spring and summer lower than-132 mm correlates with SBD outbreaks. Our results suggest that C. corticale is an efficient airborne pathogen which can dis-perse its conidia as far as 310 km from the site of the closest disease outbreak. Aerobiology of C. corticale followed the SBD distribution in Europe. Pathogen detection was high in countries within the host native area and with longer disease presence, such as France, Switzerland and Czech Republic, and sporadic in Italy, where the pathogen was reported just once. The pathogen was absent in samples from Portugal and Sweden, where the disease has not been reported yet. We conclude that aerobiological surveillance can inform the spatial distribution of the SBD, and contribute to early detection in pathogen-free countries

Conditions of emergence of the Sooty Bark Disease and aerobiology of Cryptostroma corticale in Europe

The sooty bark disease (SBD) is an emerging disease affecting sycamore maple trees (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Europe. Cryptostroma corticale, the causal agent, putatively native to eastern North America, can be also pathogenic for humans causing pneumonitis. It was first detected in 1945 in Europe, with markedly increasing reports since 2000. Pathogen development appears to be linked to heat waves and drought episodes. Here, we analyse the conditions of the SBD emergence in Europe based on a three-decadal time- series data set. We also assess the suitability of aerobiological samples using a species-specific quantitative PCR assay to inform the epidemiology of C. corticale, through a regional study in France comparing two- year aerobiological and epidemiological data, and a continental study including 12 air samplers from six countries (Czechia, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland). We found that an accumulated water deficit in spring and summer lower than -132 mm correlates with SBD outbreaks. Our results suggest that C. corticale is an efficient airborne pathogen which can dis- perse its conidia as far as 310 km from the site of the closest disease outbreak. Aerobiology of C. corticale followed the SBD distribution in Europe. Pathogen detection was high in countries within the host native area and with longer disease presence, such as France, Switzerland and Czech Republic, and sporadic in Italy, where the pathogen was reported just once. The pathogen was absent in samples from Portugal and Sweden, where the disease has not been reported yet. We conclude that aerobiological surveillance can inform the spatial distribution of the SBD, and contribute to early detection in pathogen-free countriesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Compton Scattering by Nuclei

The concept of Compton scattering by even-even nuclei from giant-resonance to nucleon-resonance energies and the status of experimental and theoretical researches in this field are outlined. Nuclear Compton scattering in the giant-resonance energy-region provides information on the dynamical properties of the in-medium mass of the nucleon. The electromagnetic polarizabilities of the nucleon in the nuclear medium can be extracted from nuclear Compton scattering data obtained in the quasi-deuteron energy-region. Recent results are presented for two-body effects due to the mesonic seagull amplitude and due to the excitation of nucleon internal degrees of freedom accompanied by meson exchanges. Due to these studies the in-medium electromagnetic polarizabilities are by now well understood, whereas the understanding of nuclear Compton scattering in the Delta-resonance range is only at the beginning. Phenomenological methods how to include retardation effects in the scattering amplitude are discussed and compared with model predictions.Comment: 146 pages, 37 figures, submitted to Phys. Report

Cariosistemática de algunos Erysimum L. en el norte de la Península Ibérica

Erysimum plants of the grandiflorum-australe-sylvestre group have been studied for their karyology and morphology in the northern Iberian Península, i.e. Pyrenees, Cantabrian Mountains and Ebro Basin. Several levéis of ploidy were found: diploid (2n = 14), hypotetraploid (2n = 26), hypohexaploid (2n = 38), and higher polyploids (2n = c. 50, c. 60,64, c. 76, 88). Variations of polyploid numbers are caused by aneuploidy sensu stricta (irregular segregation in anaphase I). The occurrence of non-reduced gametes has been confirmed in some of the larger pollen grains. Hypotetraploids are considered as old autopolyploids (the phenomenon occurs in several different groups) and disploids (including some rearrangement of chromosomes; two long chromosomes are observed in the 2n = 26 plants, and none in the diploids, nor in the rare 2n = 28 plants). Hypohexaploids probably arise from crosses between diploids and hypotetraploids. There ensues a doubling of the chromosome number and dysploidy (four long chromosomes are observed). Their distribution area is mainly localised at the meeting point of three different groups, and allopolyploidy is likely to be the cause of the chromosome number increase. In fact, higher polyploids are found in the same area, probably from different backcrosses with diploids or hypotetraploids. Morphological studies reveal six microspecies, separated in two groups. The E. nevadense group occurring in the mediterranean and continental parts of studied área includes E. ruscinonense Jordan (2n = 14), E. gomezcampoi Polatschek (2n = 14) and E. mediohispanicum Polatschek (2n = 26). The E. duriaei group occurring in the mountains and atlantic parts includes E. duriaei Boissier (2n = 14 and 26, including E. neumannii Polatschek), E. seipkae Polatschek (2n= 14 and 26) and E. gorbeanum Polatschek (2n = 38 and more, including E. penyalarense Polatschek). These microspecies are more or less parapatric, but many populations localised between two taxa are intermediate in their morphology. This fact on the one hand, and the multiplication of chromosome numbers in certain áreas on the other, show that evolution still occurs in this group.La cariología y morfología de los Erysimum del grupo grandiflorum-australe-sylvestre ha sido estudiada en el norte de la Península Ibérica (Pirineos. Cordillera Cantábrica y cuenca del Ebro). Se encontraron varios niveles de ploidía: diploide (2n= 14), hipotetraploide (2n = 26), hipohexaploide (2n = 38), y poliploides más altos (2n = c. 50, c. 60, 64, c. 76, 88). Las variaciones en los números de los poliploides son debidas a aneuploidía sensu stricto (segregación irregular en anafase I). Se ha demostrado la presencia de gametos no reducidos en granos de polen de tamaño grande. Los hipotetraploides son considerados como antiguos autopoliploides (este fenómeno ocurre en varios grupos diferentes dentro del género) y disploides, que incluyen alguna reorganización cromosómica; en las plantas 2n = 26 se observan dos cromosomas largos, pero ninguno en los diploides, ni en los poco frecuentes individuos 2n = 28. Los hipohexaploides surgen probablemente de cruzamientos entre diploides e hipotetraploides seguidos de duplicación cromosómica y disploidía (se han observado cuatro cromosomas largos). Se localizan principalmente en el área donde confluyen tres grupos diferentes, y la alopoliploidía es probablemente la causa del incremento en el número cromosómico. De hecho, los poliploides más altos aparecen en esa misma área, probablemente a partir de diferentes retrocruzamientos entre diploides e hipotetraploides. Los estudios morfológicos permiten reconocer seis microespecies, separadas en dos grupos: El grupo E. nevadense, en las partes mediterránea y continental de la región estudiada, que engloba a E. ruscinonense Jordán (2n = 14), E. gomezcampoi Polatschek (2n = 14) y E. mediohispanicum Polatschek (2n = 26). El grupo E. duriaei, en las montañas y la región atlántica, que engloba a E. duriaei Boissier (2n = 14 y 26, incluyendo E. neumannii Polatschek), E. seipkae Polatschek (2n = 14 y 26) y E. gorbeanum Polatschek (2n = 38 y números más altos, incluyendo E. penyalarense Polatschek). Estas microspecies son más o menos parapátricas, pero muchas poblaciones ubicadas entre dos táxones son intermedias en su morfología. Este fenómeno, por un lado, y la multiplicación de los números cromosómicos en ciertas áreas, por otro, muestran que el grupo está aún evolucionando activamente

Le concept potentiel (une voie de développement des concepts. Le cas de la validation des acquis)

Considérant l'activité de validation des acquis telle qu'elle se développe en France, on cherche ici à préciser d'un point de vue psychologique quelle est la nature du rapport qui s'établit entre les connaissances construites au travail et les référentiels de diplôme. Après une analyse des ressources contemporaines dans le domaine de la formation des adultes, on discute les conditions d'usage de la théorie du développement des concepts de Vygotski (1934/1997) à propos de salariés expérimentés et de référentiels de diplômes de l'enseignement technique. On soutient la thèse que le rapport entre les concepts quotidiens et les concepts scientifiques ainsi définis peut prendre la forme d'un concept potentiel . Cette formation conceptuelle hybride très particulière est le résultat d'une abstraction, par le sujet, d'un trait caractéristique de son activité à partir de la signification du concept scientifique. L'étude d'entretiens de validation des acquis depuis l'analyse interlocutoire proposée par la pragmatique conversationnelle (Trognon, Kostulski, 1998) montre les conditions de formation - interpsychiques et instrumentales - du concept potentiel. Ces résultats sont alors discutés dans une perspective de clinique de l'activité (Clot, 1999; Clot, Faïta, 2000). Le développement du concept potentiel y apparaît comme la transformation de la fonction psychologique des concepts, qui ouvre simultanément la voie au développement des concepts quotidiens et des concepts scientifiques.Based on a French tradition in the field of the validation of acquired professional knowledge, this work psychologically investigates what could link knowledge acquired at work and benchmark concepts instilled by a referential certificate. A review of scientific resources in this domain is followed by a broadened discussion making best value of the Vygotskyan theory related to the development of concepts (1934/1997). The author supports the ide that a so-called potential concept bridges everyday and scientific concepts. This special hybrid-like conceptual form could result from the abstraction of a significant trait of everyday activity highlighted by the signification brought in by a scientific concept. The interlocutory analysis applied to exchanges tapped from validation sessions involving candidates and members of review panel or counsellors, and examined through the lens of a conversational pragmatic approach (Trognon & Kostulski, 1998), shed light on both inter-psychological and instrumental conditions that actually take part in the development of a potential concept. Results are discussed from a clinically based approach to the activity (Clot, 1999 ; Clot & Faïta 2000). The development of potential concept turns out to be the transformation of psychological function of concept, which gives access both to everyday and scientific concepts.PARIS-CNAM (751032301) / SudocSudocFranceF

D'un métier à l'autre : déployer la qualité du travail

International audienceCette contribution s’inscrit dans une série de travaux qui visent à modifier et même à transformer les rapports managériaux en recentrant le dialogue au travail et ses institutions autour des conflits de critères en matière de qualité du travail, une notion qui se distingue de celle de qualité de vie au travail (Clot, 2010). Pour privilégier l’analyse sous l’angle des rapports entre le management et les professionnels impliqués dans l’expérimentation présentée ici, nous ne revenons pas sur la présentation générale de notre approche qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses publications (Clot, 2002 ; 2015) (Bonnefond, 2019) ; elle est d’ailleurs présente dans quelques textes de La Revue des conditions de travail [(Clot & Lallement, 2015) (Bonnefond, 2016)]. En octobre 2016, la ville de Lille, à l’initiative de sa directrice des ressources humaines chargée des relations sociales et du directeur de la Propreté publique, s’engage dans une convention avec l’équipe de recherche de psychologie du travail et clinique de l’activité. Jusqu’en octobre 2018, A. Bonnemain, le chercheur qui est régulièrement présent sur site, organise entre les agents et avec la hiérarchie des analyses tournées vers de nouvelles manières d’arbitrer les conflits d’activité vécus dans les situations réelles de travail. Peu à peu, ces participants instituent des temps et des moyens pour le faire régulièrement, à l’aide de référents métiers élus dans le collectif des agents. [résumé auteurs