Traceability of different brands of bottled mineral water during shelf life, using PCR-DGGE and next generation sequencing techniques

Natural mineral waters contain indigenous bacteria characteristic of each spring source. Once bottled, these communities change over time until the water is consumed. Bottle material is believed to play a major role in the succession of these populations, but very few studies to date have evaluated the effect of this material on bacterial communities. In this study, we examined the microbial community structure of three natural mineral waters over 3 months after bottling in glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. To this end, we used culture-dependent (heterotrophic plate count) and culture-independent methods (16S rRNA massive gene sequencing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescent microscopy with vital dyes). Total and viable cell counts increased by around 1-2 log10 units between 1 and 2 weeks after bottling and then remained constant over 3 months for all waters regardless of the bottle material. DGGE fingerprints and 16S rRNA massive sequencing analysis both indicated that different communities were established in the waters two weeks after bottling in the different bottle materials. In conclusion, no differences in total, viable and culturable bacteria counts were observed between mineral waters bottled with PET or glass during shelf life storage. Nevertheless, in spite of changes in the communities, each water brand and material presented a distinct microbial community structure clearly distinguishable from the others, which could be interesting for traceability purposes

Quantification of Leptospira interrogans Survival in Soil and Water Microcosms

Leptospira interrogans is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a globally distributed zoonotic disease. Human infection usually occurs through skin exposure with water and soil contaminated with the urine of chronically infected animals. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively characterize the survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni in environmental matrices. We constructed laboratory microcosms to simulate natural conditions and determined the persistence of DNA markers in soil, mud, spring water and sewage using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR assay. We found that L. interrogans does not survive at high concentrations in the tested matrices. No net growth was detected in any of the experimental conditions and in all cases the concentration of the DNA markers targeted decreased from the beginning of the experiment following an exponential decay with a decreasing decay rate over time. After 12 and 21 days of incubation the spiked concentration of 106L. interrogans cells/ml or g decreased to approximately 100 cells/ml or g in soil and spring water microcosms, respectively. Furthermore, culturable L. interrogans persisted at concentrations under the limit of detection by PMA-qPCR or qPCR for at least 16 days in soil and 28 days in spring water. Altogether, our findings suggest that the environment is not a multiplication reservoir but a temporary carrier of L. interrogans Copenhageni, although the observed prolonged persistence at low concentrations may still enable the transmission of the disease.IMPORTANCE Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira that primarily affects impoverished populations worldwide. Although leptospirosis is transmitted by contact with water and soil, little is known about the ability of the pathogen to survive in the environment. In this study, we quantitatively characterized the survival of L. interrogans in environmental microcosms and found that although it cannot multiply in water, soil or sewage, it survives for extended time periods (days to weeks depending on the matrix). The survival parameters obtained here may help to better understand the distribution of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment and improve the predictions of human infection risks in areas where such infections are endemic

Spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters from the urban slum environment

Leptospirosis has emerged as an important urban health problem as slum settlements have expanded worldwide. Yet the dynamics of the environmentally transmitted Leptospira pathogen has not been well characterized in these settings. We used a stratified dense sampling scheme to study the dynamics of Leptospira abundance in surface waters from a Brazilian urban slum community. We collected surface water samples during the dry, intermediate and rainy seasons within a seven-month period and quantified pathogenic Leptospira by quantitative PCR (qPCR). We used logistic and linear mixed models to identify factors that explained variation for the presence and concentration of Leptospira DNA. Among 335 sewage and 250 standing water samples, Leptospira DNA were detected in 36% and 34%, respectively. Among the 236 samples with positive results geometric mean Leptospira concentrations were 152 GEq/mL. The probability of finding Leptospira DNA was higher in sewage samples collected during the rainy season when increased leptospirosis incidence occurred, than during the dry season (47.2% vs 12.5%, respectively, p = 0.0002). There was a marked spatial and temporal heterogeneity in Leptospira DNA distribution, for which type of water, elevation, and time of day that samples were collected, in addition to season, were significant predictors. Together, these findings indicate that Leptospira are ubiquitous in the slum environment and that the water-related risk to which inhabitants are exposed is low. Seasonal increases in Leptospira presence may explain the timing of leptospirosis outbreaks. Effective prevention will need to consider the spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters to reduce the burden of the disease

Kynurenic acid may underlie sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has poorer clinical outcomes in males than in females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences. Because immune responses are, in part, regulated by metabolites, we examined the serum metabolomes of COVID-19 patients. In male patients, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA–to–kynurenine (K) ratio (KA:K) positively correlated with age and with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and negatively correlated with T cell responses. Males that clinically deteriorated had a higher KA:K than those that stabilized. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was lower in patients that clinically deteriorated and correlated with immune responses. Analysis of data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project revealed that the expression of the gene encoding the enzyme that produces KA, kynurenine aminotransferase, correlated with cytokine abundance and activation of immune responses in older males. This study reveals that KA has a sex-specific link to immune responses and clinical outcomes in COVID-19, suggesting a positive feedback between metabolites and immune responses in males

Tracking smell loss to identify healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Introduction Healthcare workers (HCW) treating COVID-19 patients are at high risk for infection and may also spread infection through their contact with vulnerable patients. Smell loss has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is unknown whether monitoring for smell loss can be used to identify asymptomatic infection among high risk individuals. In this study we sought to determine if tracking smell sensitivity and loss using an at-home assessment could identify SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCW. Methods and findings We performed a prospective cohort study tracking 473 HCW across three months to determine if smell loss could predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in this high-risk group. HCW subjects completed a longitudinal, behavioral at-home assessment of olfaction with household items, as well as detailed symptom surveys that included a parosmia screening questionnaire, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our main measures were the prevalence of smell loss in SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW versus SARS-CoV- 2-negative HCW, and timing of smell loss relative to SARS-CoV-2 test positivity. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 17 (3.6%) of 473 HCW. HCW with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to report smell loss than SARS-CoV-2-negative HCW on both the at-home assessment and the screening questionnaire (9/17, 53% vs 105/456, 23%, P < .01). 6/9 (67%) of SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW reporting smell loss reported smell loss prior to having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, and smell loss was reported a median of two days before testing positive. Neurological symptoms were reported more frequently among SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW who reported smell loss compared to those without smell loss (9/9, 100% vs 3/8, 38%, P < .01). Conclusions In this prospective study of HCW, self-reported changes in smell using two different measures were predictive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Smell loss frequently preceded a positive test and was associated with neurological symptoms

Single-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19.

Dysregulated immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are instrumental in severe COVID-19. However, the immune signatures associated with immunopathology are poorly understood. Here we use multi-omics single-cell analysis to probe the dynamic immune responses in hospitalized patients with stable or progressive course of COVID-19, explore V(D)J repertoires, and assess the cellular effects of tocilizumab. Coordinated profiling of gene expression and cell lineage protein markers shows that S100

Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Antibiotic-Treated COVID-19 Patients is Associated with Microbial Translocation and Bacteremia

Although microbial populations in the gut microbiome are associated with COVID-19 severity, a causal impact on patient health has not been established. Here we provide evidence that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with translocation of bacteria into the blood during COVID-19, causing life-threatening secondary infections. We first demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 infection induces gut microbiome dysbiosis in mice, which correlated with alterations to Paneth cells and goblet cells, and markers of barrier permeability. Samples collected from 96 COVID-19 patients at two different clinical sites also revealed substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis, including blooms of opportunistic pathogenic bacterial genera known to include antimicrobial-resistant species. Analysis of blood culture results testing for secondary microbial bloodstream infections with paired microbiome data indicates that bacteria may translocate from the gut into the systemic circulation of COVID-19 patients. These results are consistent with a direct role for gut microbiome dysbiosis in enabling dangerous secondary infections during COVID-19

Caracterització i diversitat de poblacions microbianes en aigües minerals naturals, recreatives i regenerades

[cat] La microbiologia de l’aigua és un camp científic que ha ajudat enormement a millorar la seguretat sanitària de les aigües destinades als usos humans. De fet, augmentar el coneixement sobre les poblacions microbianes presents a l’aigua tant pel que fa a les poblacions autòctones com a les al•lòctones, pot ser de gran ajuda de cara a garantir els estàndards de qualitat, que cada vegada són més exigents. Tanmateix, la gran heterogeneïtat dels sistemes aquàtics i de les problemàtiques lligades als seus usos, fan necessari un estudi individualitzat de les seves poblacions microbianes. Així doncs, el propòsit d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser estudiar diferents poblacions microbianes associades a diferents sistemes aquàtics: aigües minerals naturals, aigües recreatives i aigües regenerades. Pel que fa a les aigües minerals naturals, es van estudiar les poblacions bacterianes aeròbies heterotròfiques autòctones de tres fonts a 22ºC i 37ºC durant l’hivern i l’estiu. Totes les soques aïllades es van fenotipar mitjançant les microplaques PhP-48 del Phene-Plate System®. Es van poder aïllar un elevat nombre de gèneres poc descrits en aquests ambients. Això afegit als canvis de composició observats entre estacions, confirma que es tracta d’ambients complexos, i que encara hi ha un gran desconeixement sobre la seva composició i dinàmica. D’altra banda, es va confirmar que cada aigua mineral natural conté una microbiota autòctona pròpia, l’estructura i composició de la qual és prou específica per poder diferenciar-la amb mètodes de caracterització fenotípica de la d’altres aigües minerals naturals. D’altra banda es va avaluar la capacitat de la ISO 16266:2006 per identificar Pseudomonas aeruginosa en aigües minerals naturals. En general, el procediment de la ISO 16266:2006 identifica adequadament la major part dels aïllats de P. aeruginosa, llevat dels casos de soques no pigmentades. Els resultats recomanen la incorporació dels assaigs de creixement en agar King A i a 4°C i 42°C en les anàlisis rutinàries d’aigües envasades, i s’aconsella l’ús de les galeries API®20NE en la confirmació d’aquells aïllats que generin dubtes en base als criteris de la ISO 16266:2006. En l’àmbit de les aigües recreatives, es van caracteritzar les poblacions microbianes associades a quatre piscines naturalitzades d’ús privat. Tres d’elles presentaven a l’estiu concentracions d’E. coli o enterococs superiors als límits establerts a les recomanacions. La contaminació fecal relacionada amb la fauna salvatge s’apunta com un contribuïdor significatiu en les piscines naturalitzades privades. A més, el sistema de depuració natural de les piscines naturalitzades sembla ser força limitat alhora de disminuir la contaminació fecal a les piscines, cosa que posa en dubte la seva aplicabilitat en piscines de major volum i obertes al públic. Pel que fa a les aigües regenerades, es van avaluar la capacitat del fenotipatge bioquímic de coliforms fecals i enterococs per determinar l’origen de la contaminació fecal en dues basses d’aigua regenerada utilitzades en la irrigació d’un camp de golf. La caracterització bioquímica i l’estudi d’inactivació van proporcionar evidències que la contaminació fecal detectada a les basses a l’estiu no tenia relació amb les poblacions que entraven a través de l’aigua regenerada, sinó que semblava estar relacionat amb una aportació de material fecal animal, probablement ocells, generat al propi sistema. El fenotipatge bioquímic d’enterococs i coliforms fecals és una eina útil per a l’estudi de l’origen de la contaminació fecal en aquells casos on la càrrega fecal és baixa, fet que és rellevant, tenint en compte que molts altres mètodes presenten problemes en ser aplicats per sota d’aquestes concentracions. En general, els estudis realitzats donen peu a continuar aprofundint en l’estudi de la diversitat microbiana en diferents ambients aquàtics, tant pel que fa a les poblacions autòctones com a les al•lòctones.[eng] "Characterization and diversity of microbial populations associated to with natural mineral waters, recreational waters and reclaimed waters" SUMMARY: Microbial populations from natural mineral waters, recreational waters and reclaimed waters were characterized to increase the knowledge about their indigenous and introduced microorganisms. Regarding natural mineral waters, we characterized the aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from three sources at 22ºC and 37ºC during summer and winter. The study of the similarities showed that growing temperatures and seasons caused significant differences in structures and composition. In addition, several bacterial species were isolated and identified, some of them rarely isolated in natural mineral waters, revealing the complexity and lack of knowledge of these ecosystems. Furthermore, we evaluated the procedure included in ISO 16266:2006 to identify presumptive P. aeruginosa isolates in natural mineral waters. The results showed that ISO 16266:2006 correctly identified 27 out of 29 genotypically confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates, although two false negative identifications were obtained. Additional test assayed such as King A medium, growth tests at 4 °C and 42 °C and API® 20NE correctly discriminated all the studied strains. As far as recreational waters are concerned, we analyzed the microbial populations in four private natural swimming pools. Three of them exceeded the E. coli or enterococci limits stated in the recommendations for natural swimming pools. The concentrations of P. aeruginosa and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were acceptable. The results suggest that wildlife was an important source of fecal pollution in the pools. Since there is a lack of regulations on these systems, and the health risks are higher than in conventional swimming pools, further research is needed to establish the parameters for ensuring safe bathing in private and public natural swimming pools. Finally, we aimed to identify the origin of the fecal contamination in two reclaimed-water open-air ponds used to irrigate a golf course. Although the concentration of fecal bacterial indicators was low, the biochemical fingerprinting used provided evidence that the origin of the fecal contamination in the ponds was not related to the reclaimed water. Furthermore, a mesocosm assays indicated that none of the microbial fecal indicators was able to regrow in the ponds. Finally, the study highlighted the fact that reclaimed water may be recontaminated in open-air reservoirs

Development of new host-specific Bacteroides qPCRs for the identification of fecal contamination sources in water

Bacteroides spp. have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in microbial source tracking (MST) methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop new qPCR assays that target host-specific Bacteroidal 16S ribosomal RNA genes, to determine the source of fecal contamination in water. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to select for host-specific bands of Bacteroides associated with a fecal pollution source and later to design four qPCR host-specific assays. A set of common primers for Bacteroides spp., four different Bacteroides spp. host-associated hydrolysis probes (human, cattle, pig, and poultry), and one hydrolysis probe for the Bacteroides genus were designed. This set of qPCR assays together with other previously developed Bacteroidetes MST targets were used to analyze water samples with fecal contamination from the four sources studied. The host-specific Bacteroides qPCRs designed for human (HMprobeBac), pig (PGprobeBac), and poultry (PLprobeBac) were highly specific for its sources (1.0, 0.97, and 1.0, respectively) although its sensitivity was lower (0.45, 0.50, and 0.73, respectively). The cattle-specific qPCR was totally unspecific and was discarded for future experiments. When compared to previously designed assays, the human and pig qPCRs showed better accuracies (0.86 and 0.84) than their counterparts HF183 and Pig-2-Bac (0.38 and 0.65). Thus, the newly designed human, pig, and poultry qPCR assays outperform other methods developed until date and may be useful for source tracking purpose

Deuterium trapping in low coatings

2.00SIGLELD:9091.9F(CLM-R--223) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo