Applying U-Pb chronometry and trace element geochemistry of apatite to carbonatite-phoscorite complexes – as exemplified by the 2.06 Ga Phalaborwa Complex, South Africa

Uranium-lead dating of apatite was undertaken by Laser Ablation-Sector Field-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-SF-ICPMS) in situ on apatite from principal rock types of the Loolekop phoscorite-carbonatite intrusion within the Phalaborwa Igneous Complex, South Africa. In situ U-Pb analysis on selected apatite produces U-Pb ages of 2 083.9 ± 41.9 Ma (n = 33; MSWD = 0.87), 2 020.4 ± 116.7 Ma (n = 18; MSWD = 0.91) and 2 034.3 ± 39.0 Ma (n = 17; MSWD = 0.6) for phoscorite, banded carbonatite and transgressive carbonatite, respectively, with a combined age of 2 054.3 ± 21.4 Ma (n = 68; MSWD = 0.86), which we interpret to indicate the timing of emplacement. Apatite U-Pb dates are similar to dates reported in previous studies using zircon and baddeleyite U-Pb systems from the same rock types, showing that apatite can be used as geochronometer in the absence of other commonly used U-Pb-bearing accessory minerals, not only in carbonatite-phoscorite complexes, but in all mafic igneous intrusions. Similar ages for zircon, baddeleyite and apatite indicate little to no re-equilibration of the latter, and suggest that the Loolekop Pipe intrusion cooled below 350°C within ~21 Ma of emplacement. This conclusion is supported by apatite BSE images and trace element systematics, with unimodal igneous trace element characteristics for apatite in each sample. The combination of in situ U-Pb geochronology, trace element geochemistry and BSE imaging makes apatite a useful tool to investigate the emplacement mechanisms of carbonatite-phoscorite complexes, which is particularly advantageous as apatite is one of the main mineral phases in these rock suites.https://gssa.pub/sajg/about.htmlhj2023Geolog

Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates

Although it is not known when or where life on Earth began, some of the earliest habitable environments may have been submarine-hydrothermal vents. Here we describe putative fossilized microorganisms that are at least 3,770 million and possibly 4,280 million years old in ferruginous sedimentary rocks, interpreted as seafloor-hydrothermal vent-related precipitates, from the Nuvvuagittuq belt in Quebec, Canada. These structures occur as micrometre-scale haematite tubes and filaments with morphologies and mineral assemblages similar to those of filamentous microorganisms from modern hydrothermal vent precipitates and analogous microfossils in younger rocks. The Nuvvuagittuq rocks contain isotopically light carbon in carbonate and carbonaceous material, which occurs as graphitic inclusions in diagenetic carbonate rosettes, apatite blades intergrown among carbonate rosettes and magnetite–haematite granules, and is associated with carbonate in direct contact with the putative microfossils. Collectively, these observations are consistent with an oxidized biomass and provide evidence for biological activity in submarine-hydrothermal environments more than 3,770 million years ago

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. 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