Estudis bioquímics i estructurals de diferents formes de nucleoplasmina. Interacció amb histones i altres proteïnes bàsiques.

La nucleoplasmina (NP) és la proteïna majoritària del nucli dels oòcits i ous no fecundats de la granota "Xenopus laevis" i altres amfibis. Es tracta d'una proteïna acídica amb tres trams acídics principals (A1, A2, A3). La NP participa en la remodelació de la cromatina durant la fecundació, mediatitzant la descondensació de la cromatina espermàtica i facilitant l'acoblament de nucleosomes gràcies a la seva funció de xaperona molecular. En el decurs d'aquest treball s'ha continuat l'estudi dels diferents recombinants de la NP de què disposem, posant especial èmfasi en la forma mutant r-NP142, que es caracteritza pel fet que té el tram acídic principal A2 molt exposat. Interessava determinar la influència de diferents condicions en l'estabilitat i el grau de pentamerització de la molècula. En aquesta mateixa línia es va estudiar el paper de les Cys de la NP en la pentamerització. Mitjançant mutagènesi dirigida es van substituir les Cys per Ser i es va observar que concretament la mutació de la Cys 45 afavoria la monomerització de la forma r-NP142, però no afectava l'oligomerització de les formes r-NP i r-NP121, les quals romanien pentamèriques. Aquests resultats suggereixen que no hi hauria ponts disofre en l'estructura pentamèrica de la nucleoplasmina. La caracterització estructural de la nucleoplasmina es va intentar abordar a diferents nivells. A nivell de l'estructura secundària, es van utilitzar tècniques de dicroisme circular. Concretament es va determinar que el mutant r-NP142 C45S tenia una estructura plegada a l'atzar (random coil). D'altra banda, per a ordres estructurals superiors es van utilitzar tècniques de microscòpia electrònica i tècniques cristal·logràfiques. Un altre objectiu d'aquest treball va ser la caracterització de les interaccions de l'NP amb histones del nucli del nucleosoma. Estàvem especialment interessats a veure si la interacció NP-histones era fonamentalment de tipus electrostàtic o bé podria tractar-se d'algun altre tipus d'interacció. Mitjançant ultracentrifugació analítica i gradients de sacarosa es va poder determinar que la NP podia unir els quatre tipus d'histones nucleosòmiques. Aquesta unió tindria una estequiometria corresponent a 1 mol de pentàmer de NP per mol d'octàmer d'histones. Cal destacar que la NP pot unir també histones tripsinitzades (sense les cues bàsiques) mantenint la mateixa estequiometria que per al cas de les histones natives. Així mateix, la forma r-NP121 (sense el tram acídic A2) és capaç d'unir histones natives amb la mateixa estequiometria descrita per als casos anteriors. Aquests experiments indiquen que la interacció NP-histones no seria predominantment electrostàtica. Un altra línia de treball va ser estudiar la presència o no d'una NP-like a l'extracte d'oòcits de l'estrella de mar "Echinaster sepositus". S'ha trobat una proteïna majoritària que presenta les propietats de ser termoestable, acídica i parcialment resistent al sulfat amònic. Aquesta proteïna és reconeguda pels anticossos policlonals antinucleoplasmina obtinguts en ous de gallina. D'altra banda, no és capaç de descondensar nuclis espermàtics que contenen protamina.El darrer objectiu del treball va ser l'estudi estructural de la proteïna ?0. La ?0 és específica del nucli espermàtic de l'equinoderm "Holothuria tubulosa" i presenta propietats intermèdies entre les protamines i les histones. La cristal·lització d'una molècula d'aquestes característiques aportaria informació sobre l'estructura de les proteïnes que participen en la compactació de la cromatina i podria obrir un nou camí per a la cristal·lització de les protamines i dels complexos NP-protamina.Nucleoplasmin (NP) is the most abundant protein found in the nuclei of oocytes and nonfertilized eggs of "Xenopus laevis" and other amphibians. It is an acidic protein with three main acidic tracts (A1, A2, A3). NP is involved in the remodelation of chromatin during fecundation, facilitating nucleosome assembly as a molecular chaperone.In the present work we have continued the study of different recombinant forms of nucleoplasmin which were obtained in our lab, specially the form r-NP142 which has the main acidic tract A2 very exposed. We were interested in how different conditions could affect the stability and pentamerization of the molecule. In this way we studied the importance of Cys in NP pentamerization. We used site directed mutagenesis in order to change Cys for Ser. We observed that the mutation of Cys 45 favoured the monomerization of r-NP142, but this change didn't affect the oligomerization of the forms r-NP and r-NP121, which remained pentameric. These results suggest the absence of disulfide bridges in the pentameric structure of nucleoplasmin. The structural characterization of nucleoplasmin has been studied at different levels. At the secondary structure level we have used circular dichroism techniques and we have determined that the mutant r-NP142 C45S is in random coil conformation. For higher structural levels we have used electron microscopy and crystallographic techniques.Another objective of this work was the characterization of the interactions between NP and nucleosomal core histones. We were specially interested in knowing if the interaction was fundamentally electrostatic. Using analytical ultracentrifugation and sucrose gradient experiments we could determine that NP can bind the four types of nucleosomal histones. This binding would have an stoichiometry equal to 1 mol of NP pentamer per mol of histone octamer. It is important to note that NP can bind trypsinated histones (without the basic tails) maintaining the same stoichiometry as in the case of native histones. In the same way, the r-NP121 form (without the acidic tract A2) is capable of binding native histones with the same stoichiometry described for the other cases. These result indicates that the interaction NP-histones is not mainly electrostaticaly driven.Another objective of this work was the study of the presence of some NP-like proteins in oocyte extracts of the starfish "Echinaster sepositus". We have found a very abundant protein which is termoestable, acidic and partially resistant to ammonium sulphate. This protein is recognized by policlonal antinucleoplasmin antibodies which were obtained in hen eggs. However, it is not able to decondense spermatic nuclei which contain protamine.The last objective of the present work was the structural study of the protein ?0 which is specific of the nuclei of the echinoderm "Holothuria tubulosa" and has intermediate properties between histones and protamines. The crystallization of a molecule like ?0 could bring information about the structure of proteins that participate in chromatin condensation and could offer a new way for the crystallization of protamines and NP-protamine complexes

GENCODE: reference annotation for the human and mouse genomes in 2023

GENCODE produces high quality gene and transcript annotation for the human and mouse genomes. All GENCODE annotation is supported by experimental data and serves as a reference for genome biology and clinical genomics. The GENCODE consortium generates targeted experimental data, develops bioinformatic tools and carries out analyses that, along with externally produced data and methods, support the identification and annotation of transcript structures and the determination of their function. Here, we present an update on the annotation of human and mouse genes, including developments in the tools, data, analyses and major collaborations which underpin this progress. For example, we report the creation of a set of non-canonical ORFs identified in GENCODE transcripts, the LRGASP collaboration to assess the use of long transcriptomic data to build transcript models, the progress in collaborations with RefSeq and UniProt to increase convergence in the annotation of human and mouse protein-coding genes, the propagation of GENCODE across the human pan-genome and the development of new tools to support annotation of regulatory features by GENCODE. Our annotation is accessible via Ensembl, the UCSC Genome Browser and https://www.gencodegenes.org

DECKO: Single-oligo, dual-CRISPR deletion of genomic elements including long non-coding RNAs

Erratum note: Unfortunately, the original version of this article [1] contained an error. In the Methods part, in the Design and Cloning of Plasmids section, a sentence was included incorrectly. The correct sentence can be found below/n/n"The Insert-2 sequence was previously assembled from four 5'-phosphorilated oligonucleotides (IDT)"./n/nPlease also note in table S3 The oligo pDECKO_seq_R is lacking one nucleotide. The correct sequence is ATGTCTACTATTCTTTCCCCBackground. CRISPR genome-editing technology makes it possible to quickly and cheaply delete non-protein-coding regulatory elements. We present a vector system adapted for this purpose called DECKO (Double Excision CRISPR Knockout), which applies a simple two-step cloning to generate lentiviral vectors expressing two guide RNAs (gRNAs) simultaneously. The key feature of DECKO is its use of a single 165 bp starting oligonucleotide carrying the variable sequences of both gRNAs, making it fully scalable from single-locus studies to complex library cloning./nResults. We apply DECKO to deleting the promoters of one protein-coding gene and two oncogenic lncRNAs, UCA1 and the highly-expressed MALAT1, focus of many previous studies employing RNA interference approaches. DECKO successfully deleted genomic fragments ranging in size from 100 to 3000 bp in four human cell lines. Using a clone-derivation workflow lasting approximately 20 days, we obtained 9 homozygous and 17 heterozygous promoter knockouts in three human cell lines. Frequent target region inversions were observed. These clones have reductions in steady-state MALAT1 RNA levels of up to 98 % and display reduced proliferation rates./nConclusions. We present a dual CRISPR tool, DECKO, which is cloned using a single starting oligonucleotide, thereby affording simplicity and scalability to CRISPR knockout studies of non-coding genomic elements, including long non-coding RNAs.We acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017’, SEV-2012-0208. This work was financially supported by the following grants: CSD2007-00050 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, grant SGR-1430 from the Catalan Government, grant ERC-2011-AdG-294653-RNA-MAPS from the European Community financial support under the FP7 and grant R01MH101814 by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health, to RG. Ramón y Cajal RYC-2011-08851 and Plan Nacional BIO2011-27220 to RJ

bsAS, an antisense long non-coding RNA, essential for correct wing development through regulation of blistered/DSRF isoform usage

Natural Antisense Transcripts (NATs) are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that overlap coding genes in the opposite strand. NATs roles have been related to gene regulation through different mechanisms, including post-transcriptional RNA processing. With the aim to identify NATs with potential regulatory function during fly development, we generated RNA-Seq data in Drosophila developing tissues and found bsAS, one of the most highly expressed lncRNAs in the fly wing. bsAS is antisense to bs/DSRF, a gene involved in wing development and neural processes. bsAS plays a crucial role in the tissue specific regulation of the expression of the bs/DSRF isoforms. This regulation is essential for the correct determination of cell fate during Drosophila development, as bsAS knockouts show highly aberrant phenotypes. Regulation of bs isoform usage by bsAS is mediated by specific physical interactions between the promoters of these two genes, which suggests a regulatory mechanism involving the collision of RNA polymerases transcribing in opposite directions. Evolutionary analysis suggests that bsAS NAT emerged simultaneously to the long-short isoform structure of bs, preceding the emergence of wings in insects.This work was supported by the European Community under the FP7 program (ERC-2011-AdG-294653-RNA-MAPS to R.G.), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MEC) (BIO2011-26205 to R.G), by the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, from the CERCA Programme (Generalitat de Catalunya), and from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the EMBL partnership. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

MapToCleave: High-throughput profiling of microRNA biogenesis in living cells

Previous large-scale studies have uncovered many features that determine the processing of microRNA (miRNA) precursors; however, they have been conducted in vitro. Here, we introduce MapToCleave, a method to simultaneously profile processing of thousands of distinct RNA structures in living cells. We find that miRNA precursors with a stable lower basal stem are more efficiently processed and also have higher expression in vivo in tissues from 20 animal species. We systematically compare the importance of known and novel sequence and structural features and test biogenesis of miRNA precursors from 10 animal and plant species in human cells. Lastly, we provide evidence that the GHG motif better predicts processing when defined as a structure rather than sequence motif, consistent with recent cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies. In summary, we apply a screening assay in living cells to reveal the importance of lower basal stem stability for miRNA processing and in vivo expression.This work was supported by the following sources: ERC starting grant 758397, “miRCell”; Swedish Research Council (VR) grant 2015-04611, “MapToCleave”; and funding from the Strategic Research Area (SFO) program of the Swedish Research Council through Stockholm University. R.J. is supported by Science Foundation Ireland through Future Research Leaders award 18/FRL/6194. C.A. was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER funds under reference numbers BIO2011-26205 and BIO2015-70777-P and Secretaria d’Universitats i Investigació del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya under award number 2014 SGR 1319. A.J.H. was funded as a Marie Curie Post-doctoral Fellow supported by the European Commission 7th Framework Program under grant agreement no. 330133. The computations were enabled by resources in a project (SNIC 2017/7-297) provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at UPPMAX, partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-0597

Scalable Design of Paired CRISPR Guide RNAs for Genomic Deletion

CRISPR-Cas9 technology can be used to engineer precise genomic deletions with pairs of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). This approach has been widely adopted for diverse applications, from disease modelling of individual loci, to parallelized loss-of-function screens of thousands of regulatory elements. However, no solution has been presented for the unique bioinformatic design requirements of CRISPR deletion. We here present CRISPETa, a pipeline for flexible and scalable paired sgRNA design based on an empirical scoring model. Multiple sgRNA pairs are returned for each target, and any number of targets can be analyzed in parallel, making CRISPETa equally useful for focussed or high-throughput studies. Fast run-times are achieved using a pre-computed off-target database. sgRNA pair designs are output in a convenient format for visualisation and oligonucleotide ordering. We present pre-designed, high-coverage library designs for entire classes of protein-coding and non-coding elements in human, mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In human cells, we reproducibly observe deletion efficiencies of ≥50% for CRISPETa designs targeting an enhancer and exonic fragment of the MALAT1 oncogene. In the latter case, deletion results in production of desired, truncated RNA. CRISPETa will be useful for researchers seeking to harness CRISPR for targeted genomic deletion, in a variety of model organisms, from single-target to high-throughput scales.This work was financially supported by the following grants: CSD2007-00050 from the Spanish Ministry of Science (http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/idi), grant SGR-1430 from the Catalan Government (http://web.gencat.cat/ca/temes/tecnologia/), grant ERC-2011-AdG-294653-RNA-MAPS from the European Community financial support under the FP7 (https://erc.europa.eu/) and grant R01MH101814 by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health (https://www.genome.gov/), to RG. Ramón y Cajal RYC-2011-08851 and Plan Nacional BIO2011-27220, both from the Spanish Ministry of Science (http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/idi), to RJ. We also acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017’, SEV-2012-0208 (http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/idi). We also acknowledge the support of the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya (http://web.gencat.cat/ca/temes/tecnologia/). This research was partly supported by the NCCR RNA & Disease funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (http://www.nccr-rna-and-disease.ch/)

Evolution of selenophosphate synthetases: emergence and relocation of function through independent duplications and recurrent subfunctionalization.

Selenoproteins are proteins that incorporate selenocysteine (Sec), a nonstandard amino acid encoded by UGA, normally a stop codon. Sec synthesis requires the enzyme Selenophosphate synthetase (SPS or SelD), conserved in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes encoding selenoproteins. Here, we study the evolutionary history of SPS genes, providing a map of selenoprotein function spanning the whole tree of life. SPS is itself a selenoprotein in many species, although functionally equivalent homologs that replace the Sec site with cysteine (Cys) are common. Many metazoans, however, possess SPS genes with substitutions other than Sec or Cys (collectively referred to as SPS1). Using complementation assays in fly mutants, we show that these genes share a common function, which appears to be distinct from the synthesis of selenophosphate carried out by the Sec- and Cys- SPS genes (termed SPS2), and unrelated to Sec synthesis. We show here that SPS1 genes originated through a number of independent gene duplications from an ancestral metazoan selenoprotein SPS2 gene that most likely already carried the SPS1 function. Thus, in SPS genes, parallel duplications and subsequent convergent subfunctionalization have resulted in the segregation to different loci of functions initially carried by a single gene. This evolutionary history constitutes a remarkable example of emergence and evolution of gene function, which we have been able to trace thanks to the singular features of SPS genes, wherein the amino acid at a single site determines unequivocally protein function and is intertwined to the evolutionary fate of the entire selenoproteome.R.G. group research was funded by grants BIO2011-26205 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and grant SGR-1430 from the Catalan Government. M.M. received a FPU doctoral fellowship AP2008-04334 from the Spanish Ministry of Education. T.G. group research was funded in part by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIO2012-37161), a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (Grant No. NPRP 5-298-3-086), and a grant from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC (Grant Agreement n. ERC-2012-StG-310325). R.G. and T.G. acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017,” SEV-2012-0208. V.N.G. group research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) GM061603

Evolution of selenophosphate synthetases: emergence and relocation of function through independent duplications and recurrent subfunctionalization.

Selenoproteins are proteins that incorporate selenocysteine (Sec), a nonstandard amino acid encoded by UGA, normally a stop codon. Sec synthesis requires the enzyme Selenophosphate synthetase (SPS or SelD), conserved in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes encoding selenoproteins. Here, we study the evolutionary history of SPS genes, providing a map of selenoprotein function spanning the whole tree of life. SPS is itself a selenoprotein in many species, although functionally equivalent homologs that replace the Sec site with cysteine (Cys) are common. Many metazoans, however, possess SPS genes with substitutions other than Sec or Cys (collectively referred to as SPS1). Using complementation assays in fly mutants, we show that these genes share a common function, which appears to be distinct from the synthesis of selenophosphate carried out by the Sec- and Cys- SPS genes (termed SPS2), and unrelated to Sec synthesis. We show here that SPS1 genes originated through a number of independent gene duplications from an ancestral metazoan selenoprotein SPS2 gene that most likely already carried the SPS1 function. Thus, in SPS genes, parallel duplications and subsequent convergent subfunctionalization have resulted in the segregation to different loci of functions initially carried by a single gene. This evolutionary history constitutes a remarkable example of emergence and evolution of gene function, which we have been able to trace thanks to the singular features of SPS genes, wherein the amino acid at a single site determines unequivocally protein function and is intertwined to the evolutionary fate of the entire selenoproteome.. R.G. group research was funded by grants BIO2011-26205 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and grant SGR-1430 from the Catalan Government. M.M. received a FPU doctoral fellowship AP2008-04334 from the Spanish Ministry of Education. T.G. group research was funded in part by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIO2012-37161), a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (Grant No. NPRP 5-298-3-086), and a grant from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC (Grant Agreement n. ERC-2012-StG-310325). R.G. and T.G. acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017,” SEV-2012-0208. V.N.G. group research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) GM061603

A Point Mutation in a lincRNA Upstream of GDNF Is Associated to a Canine Insensitivity to Pain: A Spontaneous Model for Human Sensory Neuropathies

Human Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathies (HSANs) are characterized by insensitivity to pain, sometimes combined with self-mutilation. Strikingly, several sporting dog breeds are particularly affected by such neuropathies. Clinical signs appear in young puppies and consist of acral analgesia, with or without sudden intense licking, biting and severe self-mutilation of the feet, whereas proprioception, motor abilities and spinal reflexes remain intact. Through a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) with 24 affected and 30 unaffected sporting dogs using the Canine HD 170K SNP array (Illumina), we identified a 1.8 Mb homozygous locus on canine chromosome 4 (adj. p-val = 2.5x10-6). Targeted high-throughput sequencing of this locus in 4 affected and 4 unaffected dogs identified 478 variants. Only one variant perfectly segregated with the expected recessive inheritance in 300 sporting dogs of known clinical status, while it was never present in 900 unaffected dogs from 130 other breeds. This variant, located 90 kb upstream of the GDNF gene, a highly relevant neurotrophic factor candidate gene, lies in a long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNA), GDNF-AS. Using human comparative genomic analysis, we observed that the canine variant maps onto an enhancer element. Quantitative RT-PCR of dorsal root ganglia RNAs of affected dogs showed a significant decrease of both GDNF mRNA and GDNF-AS expression levels (respectively 60% and 80%), as compared to unaffected dogs. We thus performed gel shift assays (EMSA) that reveal that the canine variant significantly alters the binding of regulatory elements. Altogether, these results allowed the identification in dogs of GDNF as a relevant candidate for human HSAN and insensitivity to pain, but also shed light on the regulation of GDNF transcription. Finally, such results allow proposing these sporting dog breeds as natural models for clinical trials with a double benefit for human and veterinary medicine.This study was supported by the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), the Brittany Region (France) (PhD funding for JP), the European Commission (FP7-LUPA, GA-201370), the Rosembloom Family and the Companion animal health fund from the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, and the CRB-Anim infrastructure, ANR-11-INBS-0003, funded by the French National Research Agency in the frame of the ‘Investing for the Future’ program.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

A Point Mutation in a lincRNA Upstream of GDNF Is Associated to a Canine Insensitivity to Pain: A Spontaneous Model for Human Sensory Neuropathies

Human Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathies (HSANs) are characterized by insensitivity to pain, sometimes combined with self-mutilation. Strikingly, several sporting dog breeds are particularly affected by such neuropathies. Clinical signs appear in young puppies and consist of acral analgesia, with or without sudden intense licking, biting and severe self-mutilation of the feet, whereas proprioception, motor abilities and spinal reflexes remain intact. Through a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) with 24 affected and 30 unaffected sporting dogs using the Canine HD 170K SNP array (Illumina), we identified a 1.8 Mb homozygous locus on canine chromosome 4 (adj. p-val = 2.5x10-6). Targeted high-throughput sequencing of this locus in 4 affected and 4 unaffected dogs identified 478 variants. Only one variant perfectly segregated with the expected recessive inheritance in 300 sporting dogs of known clinical status, while it was never present in 900 unaffected dogs from 130 other breeds. This variant, located 90 kb upstream of the GDNF gene, a highly relevant neurotrophic factor candidate gene, lies in a long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNA), GDNF-AS. Using human comparative genomic analysis, we observed that the canine variant maps onto an enhancer element. Quantitative RT-PCR of dorsal root ganglia RNAs of affected dogs showed a significant decrease of both GDNF mRNA and GDNF-AS expression levels (respectively 60% and 80%), as compared to unaffected dogs. We thus performed gel shift assays (EMSA) that reveal that the canine variant significantly alters the binding of regulatory elements. Altogether, these results allowed the identification in dogs of GDNF as a relevant candidate for human HSAN and insensitivity to pain, but also shed light on the regulation of GDNF transcription. Finally, such results allow proposing these sporting dog breeds as natural models for clinical trials with a double benefit for human and veterinary medicine.This study was supported by the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), the Brittany Region (France) (PhD funding for JP), the European Commission (FP7-LUPA, GA-201370), the Rosembloom Family and the Companion animal health fund from the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, and the CRB-Anim infrastructure, ANR-11-INBS-0003, funded by the French National Research Agency in the frame of the ‘Investing for the Future’ program.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript