SISTEMA INTELIGENTE PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES EN EL CULTIVO DEL ARROZ : SISTEMA INTELIGENTE PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE PLAGAS EN EL CULTIVO DEL ARROZ

The productive sector and technology have always gone hand in hand, resulting in various investigations, and have contributed great advances to the development of systems focused on supporting activities in the productive sector. Agricultural production has become a complex business that requires the accumulation and integration of knowledge, as well as information from many diverse sources. To stay competitive, the modern farmer often relies on agricultural specialists and advisers who provide information for decision making on their crops. But unfortunately, the help of the agricultural specialist is not always available when the farmer needs it. To alleviate this problem, expert systems have become a powerful tool with great potential within agriculture. This work presents an Expert System for the diagnosis of pests and diseases in rice cultivation. For the development of this Expert System, SWI-Prolog was used to create the knowledge base, so it works with predicates and allows the system to be based on production rules. This system allows a fast and reliable diagnosis of pests and diseases that affect these crops.El sector productivo y la tecnología siempre han ido de la mano, dando como resultado diversas investigaciones, y han aportado grandes avances al desarrollo de sistemas enfocados a apoyar actividades del sector productivo. La producción agrícola se ha convertido en un negocio complejo que requiere la acumulación y la integración de conocimiento, además de la información de muchas fuentes diversas. Para permanecer competitivo, el agricultor moderno a menudo confía en especialistas agrícolas y consejeros que les proporcionan información para la toma de decisiones en sus cosechas. Pero lamentablemente, la ayuda del especialista agrícola no está siempre disponible cuando el agricultor la necesita. Para aliviar este problema, los sistemas expertos se han convertido en un instrumento poderoso y que posee un gran potencial dentro de la agricultura. Este trabajo presenta un Sistema Experto para el diagnóstico de plagas y enfermedades en el cultivo del arroz. Para el desarrollo de este Sistema Experto se utilizó SWI-Prolog para la creación de la base de conocimientos por lo que trabaja con predicados y permite que el sistema se base en reglas de producción. Este sistema permite realizar un diagnóstico rápido y fiable de las plagas y enfermedades que afectan a este cultivo.   PALABRAS CLAVE: arroz; diagnóstico; plagas y enfermedades;sistema experto; toma de decisiones

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

RESILIÊNCIA NA ERA DA GLOBALIZAÇÃO. NOTAS PARA REFLETIR NOS TEMPOS DE COVID-19.: RESILIÊNCIA NA ERA DA GLOBALIZAÇÃO.

In the era of the neoliberal globalization all of an or another form have either suffered the affectations for certain phenomenon natural, technological or caused by the same man. Before he/she runs off with it the resiliencia concept that has allowed to many countries, human groups or the own nature to mitigate or to adapt to new conditions, improving this way their hábitat and creating new contexts of adaptability. The community resiliencia is part of this in an unequal world, before the step of potent hurricanes or disasters that have razed with all that built. For what becomes necessary to look for new roads for the mitigation and or adaptability, creating new lifestyles, before a world that suffers the pandemic.En la era de la globalización neoliberal todos de una u otra forma han sufrido las afectaciones por determinado fenómeno ya sea natural, tecnológico o provocado por el mismo hombre. Ante ello se alza el concepto de resiliencia que ha permitido a muchos países, grupos humanos o la propia naturaleza mitigar o adaptarse a nuevas condiciones, mejorando así su hábitat y creando nuevos contextos de adaptabilidad. La resiliencia comunitaria forma parte de esto en un mundo desigual, ante el paso de potentes huracanes o desastres que han arrasado con todo lo construido. Por lo que se hace necesario buscar nuevas vías para la mitigación y o adaptabilidad, creando nuevos estilos de&nbsp; vida, ante un mundo que sufre la pandemia.Na era do globalization neoliberal tudo de um ou outra forma ou sofreu as afetações com certeza fenômeno natural, tecnológico ou causou pelo mesmo homem. Antes de corridas de he/she fora com isto o conceito de resiliencia que permitiu a muitos países, grupos humanos ou a própria natureza mitigar ou adaptar a condições novas, enquanto melhorando o hábitat deles/delas deste modo e criando contextos novos de adaptabilidade. O resiliencia de comunidade é parte disto em um mundo desigual, antes do passo de furacões potentes ou desastres que arrasaram com tudo aquilo construído. Para o que fica necessário procurar estradas novas para a mitigação e ou adaptabilidade, criando estilos de vida novos, antes de um mundo que sofre o pandemic.&nbsp

La promoción de la lectura mediante el uso de ilustraciones desde la biblioteca escolar

La sociedad cubana actual, tiene entre sus propósitos, que todo el pueblo alcance una cultura general e integral, que le permita comprender, asumir y enfrentar los problemas, en su contexto, origen y desarrollo. Esta aspiración plantea a la educación enormes desafíos. La biblioteca escolar en el contexto cubano actual, constituye un factor de medular importancia para la dinamización de la calidad de la labor de la escuela en el desarrollo de una cultura general e integral en los escolares y docentes. Tiene el encargo de cumplir su primera gran tarea, la formación integral de las nuevas generaciones, su prestación de servicios debe contribuir a elevar la calidad de la enseñanza en el currículo de los escolares. Dentro de sus objetivos es la encargada de informar, orientar, desarrollar variadas actividades que conlleven a profundizar los conocimientos contribuyendo al desarrollo de la cultura. Es por ello, que esta se convierte en el centro de la promoción de la cultura mediante el uso de ilustraciones, con el fin del desarrollo de expresión de ideas para crear, entender y apreciar la belleza y la literatur