Internet Penetration’s Impact on Gross Domestic Product per Capita of African Countries

The internet has become an essential part of everyday life and is impacting various aspects of society. One field of interest is how internet usage affects economic growth, particularly in terms of GDP per person. This article aims at highlighting the effect of internet penetration on Africa countries gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita). To achieve this, we used panel data for African countries over the period 1996 to 2019. The study conducted various statistical tests, such as causal effect, co-integration, and mediation tests, to identify which variables are useful in predicting GDP per capita. The findings show that the internet has a significant impact on the economy of African countries. Findings suggest that internet significantly impacts GDP per capita in African countries, whether evaluating within-effect (over time) or between-effect (across countries at a given time).  In addition, the result reveals that Secure internet servers are fundamental if a country is to rely on the internet to boost its economy. The study highlights the need to invest in internet infrastructure and increase internet penetration to promote economic growth in Africa, due to the importance of the internet in today's world. Keywords: Internet penetration, GDP per capita, Africa countries, Panel model. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-5-03 Publication date:March 31st 2023

DISTRIBUTION AND RISK FACTORS FOR GIARDIA LAMBLIA AMONG CHILDREN AT AMRAN GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Objective: The widespread prevalence of Giardiasis is a public health problem worldwide, and it is also common among Yemeni children. Hence, this work aims to identify the prevalent Giardia lamblia infection and risk factors among children admitted to health care centers in Amran governorate in Yemen. Methods: Three hundred and thirty-four stool samples were collected from infected children between March and July 2019 and the parasite is identified by light-microscope according to standard parasitology methods. Also, relevant data was obtained using a designed questionnaire. Results: The results showed that 181 cases (54.2%) were infected with G. lamblia infection. 57.5% of the infected children were from urban areas, while 42.5% of the cases were from rural areas. The highest incidence of G. lamblia was 60.3% among males compared to 47.5% among females. The results for age, residents and male children aged 8-14 years in both urban and rural areas recorded the highest prevalence of G. lamblia infection while the lowest was among females between 1 and 7 years and 8-14 years old, respectively, in the rural and urban area. Conclusion: In conclusion, as described in this work, multisectoral efforts are needed that include hygiene practices, personal hygiene habits, the provision of safe drinking water and the provision of sanitation systems to efficiently reduce this infection from all governorates of Yemen.                                           Peer Review History: Received 22 May 2020; Revised 14 June; Accepted 3 July, Available online 15 July 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Mahmoud S. Abdallah, University of Sadat city, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS COCCIDIAN INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG CHILDREN IN AL-TORBAH CITY IN YEMEN: IN COUNTRY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE OF MALNUTRITION OCCLUSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRIMARY DENTITION AMONG A SAMPLE OF YEMENI PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLIO VACCINE IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN SANA'A CIT

PREVALENCE OF RUBELLA IGG ANTIBODIES AMONG PRODUCTIVE-AGE ‎WOMEN IN AL-MAHWEET GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Background: Rubella is an infectious viral disease that caused by the Rubella virus. The incidence of rubella infection in women during pregnancy leads to complications for fetus development and cause congenital rubella syndrome or fetal death. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of rubella among reproductive-age women in Al-Mahweet, Yemen. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among females attending healthcare centers and schools from July 2007 to June 2008. Blood samples were collected individually from 270 females aged 15-35 years and the rubella virus IgG antibody was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The needed data were collected by using a pretested questionnaire and analyzed by statistical program. Results: Overall, 197(73%) had IgG-positive antibody to rubella and 73(27%) had IgG-negative antibody to rubella. The highest rate of anti-rubella IgG was among females aged 15-25 years and the lowest was among the females aged 31-35 years. Similarly, the higher rate was among females living in urban area compared to females from rural area. The statistically significant difference was found between most educational levels and positive results of anti-rubella IgG. With regard to marital status, the most frequent of rubella antibody was 72.3%, 73.1%, and 75.0%, respectively, recorded among single, married, and divorced females. The non-pregnant women had (73.7%) more incidence to rubella IgG antibody than pregnant (66.7%). 82.2% of IgG- positive women had no history of stillbirth and 65% had a history of stillbirth. Conclusions: Most of the enrolled females had immunity against rubella virus, but still a significant percentage were susceptible to rubella infection. Thus, it is essential to introduce of rubella vaccine to control and prevent the rubella virus circulating among the community.                           Peer Review History: Received 20 July 2020; Revised 11 August; Accepted 22 August, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt, [email protected] Rawaa S. Al-Kayali, Aleppo university, biochemistry and microbiology department, Syria, [email protected] Rola jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] Similar Articles: THE ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ANTIBODIES WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AMONG YEMENI PATIENTS IN SANA’A CITY SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY- YEME

Smart and Green Street Lighting System based on arduino and RF wireless module

Street lights consume a huge amount of electric energy due to their conventional control systems that automatically turn ON and OFF either using timers or light dependent resistor (LDR). In addition, such systems use a high power pulps, which is not a good option for energy saving, thus it causes a huge waste of energy in the whole world. Green and Smart Street Lighting System, is necessity to overcome such issues, especially with the emergence of Smart City. Therefore, this project aims to design a smart and green street lighting system (SGStreet-LS) for saving energy and utilizing renewable energy sources efficiently. The proposed system composes powerful ideas and concept to smoothly and efficiently control the operation of street lightings based on the sunlight availability and the motion detection by exploiting Arduino-based controllers with RF wireless communication support. It also utilizes low power LEDs that supplied from solar panels to replace the conventional high power lights. Also a part of this project is to study the relationship of energy and environment based on the emission of CO 2 level in the experiment, and validate the compatibility of real implementation of SGStreet-LS. In order to switching lights ON, there are to conditions to be satisfied: LDR sensor detects lower level of lights intensity (darkness situations), and PIR motion sensor detects the presence of an object in the street (vehicle/human). Otherwise, the street's lights will be switched OFF. As a result, by implementing SGStreet-LS, the electricity consumption for the street's lights can be reduced in addition to lowering CO 2 level by using renewable energy sources. The lights turn on before pedestrians and vehicles come and turn off or reduce brightness when there is no one

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: CLINICAL FEATURES AND MANIFESTATIONS BEYOND THE BOWEL

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a spectrum of diseases, with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) representing the two broadest subtypes of IBD. Multiple extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are more frequent in (IBD); 5% –50% of the patients might be affected. The most often implicated sites of manifestations are musculoskeletal and dermatological structures. However, while some symptoms like peripheral arthritis and erythema nodosum correlate with IBD progression, others have their own course of disease like axial arthropathy, gangrenosis of the pioderma and primary sclerosic cholangitis. This review would provide a summary of the most frequent EIMs and their prevalence.                                       Peer Review History: Received 31 May 2020; Revised 7 June; Accepted 4 July, Available online 15 July 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Md. Parwez Ahmad, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, [email protected] Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]

Development and evaluation of performance characteristics of timolol-loaded composite ocular films as potential delivery platform for treatment of glaucoma

Thin and erodible polymeric films were developed as potential ocular drug delivery systems to increase drug retention on the eye with the aim of improving bioavailability and achieving controlled drug release. Two biocompatible film forming polymers, hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), which are currently used as thickening agents in eye drops were employed. Two different films were prepared (i) as single polymer and (ii) as composite formulations by solvent casting method, incorporating glycerol (GLY) as plasticizer and timolol maleate (TM) as model glaucoma drug. After preliminary optimization of transparency and ease of handling, the formulations were further characterized for their physicochemical properties. No indication of significant drug-polymer or polymer-polymer (in composite films) interaction was observed from FTIR results while evaluation by IR mapping revealed uniform distribution of drug throughout the films. Amorphization of TM in the film matrix was confirmed by both DSC and XRD. Swelling studies illustrated remarkable swelling capacity of HA in comparison with HPMC which directly affected the drug release profiles, making HA a suitable polymer for controlled ocular drug delivery. Tensile and mucoadhesion properties confirmed higher elasticity and adhesiveness of HA while HPMC produced stronger films. The effect of sterilization by UV radiation on mechanical properties was also evaluated and showed no significant difference between the sterilized and non-sterilized films. The SEM results confirmed smoothness and homogeneity of film surfaces for all the formulations studied. The in vitro drug dissolution studies showed more extended release profiles of formulations containing HA. Cytotoxicity study (cell viability) using MTT assay on HeLa cells, confirmed that the single polymer and composite films are generally safe for ocular administration. The present work shows excellent film forming ability of HA and HPMC which can be used as single polymer or combined in composite formulations as potential topical ocular drug delivery platform to enhance drug retention on the ocular surface and therefore potential improved bioavailability

Impact of Oxygen Transport Properties on the Kinetic Modeling of Polypropylene Thermal Oxidation. II. Effect of Oxygen Diffusivity

The kinetic model, established in a previous article (François-Heude et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., in press) to predict the homogeneous oxidation in iPP films typically thinner than 100 µm, is now extended to simulate the oxidation profiles in thicker plates by coupling the oxygen diffusion and its consumption by the chemical reactions. In this perspective, oxygen transport properties (namely oxygen solubility, diffusivity, and permeability) are measured by permeametry on a reference iPP. These values are compared with an exhaustive compilation of literature data to evaluate their variability among the whole iPP family, which one has been reasonably ascribed to initial differences in polymer morphology, but also to evaluate their consistency, especially their temperature dependence between 20 and 140°C. Failing to simulate oxidation profiles, the kinetic model is then used as an inverse resolution method for estimating more satisfactory values of oxygen transport properties. It is thus evidenced that the crystallinity changes induced by thermal oxidation largely explains the dramatic decrease in oxygen penetration toward the sample core just after the induction period. A strategy aimed for introducing the relationship between the polymer crystalline morphology and oxygen transport properties into the kinetic model is given in the graphical abstract, although the effect of polymer polarity remains to be established prior to this implementation

Channel Length-Based Comparative Analysis of Temperature and Electrical Characteristics for SiNWT and GeNWT

This paper investigates the temperature sensitivity and electrical characteristics of Silicon Nanowire Transistor (SiNWT) and Germanium Nanowire Transistor (GeNWT) depending on variable channel length (Lg). It also studies the possibility of using them as a temperature nanosensor. The MuGFET simulation tool was exploited to investigate the characteristics of the considered nanowire transistors. Current-voltage characteristics with different values of temperature with channel length [Lg = 25, 45, 65, 85 and 105 nanometer (nm)], were simulated. MOS diode mode connection suggested measuring the temperature sensitivity of SiNWT and GeNWT too. Three (3) electrical characteristics namely; (i) Subthreshold Swing (SS), (ii) Threshold voltage (VT), and (iii) Drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) were evaluated and compared for both NWTs. The obtained results show that SiNWT achieved a better temperature sensitivity with channel length range between 25 nm to 105 nm at operation voltage (VDD) range 1 V to 5 V nm. It is very clear that the temperature sensitivity increased remarkably by increasing channel length for both of SiNWT and GeNWT as well, but in SiNWT the sensitivity is more steady compared to GeNWT that showing less sensitivity. Moreover, SiNWT shows better result in terms of electrical performance metrics for various channel length at T = 300 K comparing with GeNWT