EVALUATION OF NEUROSENSORY RECOVERY IN INFRAORBITAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE IMPAIRMENTS AFTER MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background and aims: FSR has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life, but it is yet unknown how age, gender, repair timing, and surgical methods affect this. Optimizing surgical methods and enhancing clinical results depend on closing this knowledge gap. By looking at these factors, this study aims to offer evidence-based recommendations to direct patient treatment and improve recuperation techniques. Assessing the results of sensory neurological recovery in individuals with impairments in the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and infraorbital nerve (ION) after mandibular and zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures was the goal of this investigation. Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria were followed in conducting a systematic review. Age, sex, time from damage to repair, and repair method were prognostic factors. All reviews, animal studies, research papers published before 2014, and those without full-text access were excluded. On February 25, 2025, electronic searches were conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Results: The analysis included a comprehensive dataset of 3491 patients, with a mean age of 34.25 years. The primary causes of fractures were traffic accidents (58.65 %), falls (20.56%), and assaults (20.79%). Treatment methods included open reduction (72.70%), closed reduction (7.27%), and conservative treatment (20.03%). Recovery outcomes indicated an overall recovery rate of 73.23%, with a mean follow-up duration of 186.5 days. The results were equal in both sexes, with higher rates in open reduction and early inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) repair. Conclusions: Recovery outcomes indicated a high recovery rate, equally observed in both sexes, with higher rates for open reduction and early inferior alveolar nerve repair. The study emphasizes the critical role of treatment modalities and timing in influencing neurosensory recovery and calls for the adoption of standardized treatment protocols and expanded follow-up care. To validate these results and enhance clinical guidelines, more excellent research is required.                     Peer Review History: Received 11 June 2025;   Reviewed 14 July 2025; Accepted 19 August; Available online 15 September 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Branislav Ranković, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, [email protected] Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, [email protected]

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As an esteemed member of the Editorial Board of the Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR), I am pleased to extend my warm greetings to our valued contributors, researchers, and readers. UJPR serves as a platform for the dissemination of high-quality research and advancements in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, fostering innovation and scientific dialogue on a global scale. At UJPR, we are committed to upholding rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the publication of impactful research that addresses current challenges and emerging trends in pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, medicine, and related disciplines. We encourage researchers to contribute original studies, comprehensive reviews, and thought-provoking discussions that can enhance scientific knowledge and improve healthcare practices. I sincerely appreciate the efforts of our dedicated authors, reviewers, and editorial team for their unwavering commitment to academic excellence. Together, we strive to advance pharmaceutical research and create a meaningful impact in the scientific community. We look forward to your valuable contributions and collaborations in making UJPR a leading source of pharmaceutical knowledge

DATA-DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION IN PHARMACY OPERATIONS: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ENHANCED PATIENT CARE

The convergence of patient care and business efficiency in community pharmacies through a Comprehensive Datafication Approach marks a transformative journey toward enhanced healthcare services and operational effectiveness. The aim of this study was to examine diverse perspectives on datafication, AI, and emerging technologies in healthcare, with a particular focus on optimizing community pharmacy operations. The implementation of a Comprehensive Datafication Approach in community pharmacies significantly impacts overall operational efficiency and patient care outcomes. The strict criterion mandates studies to report outcomes related to patient care, business efficiency, or operational metrics, ensuring selected literature aligns cohesively with research objectives, providing a robust basis for exploring dimensions associated with optimizing community pharmacy operations through datafication. Drawing from multiple studies, our exploration encompasses the challenges and potentials inherent in the integration of digital technologies. As we delve into the optimization of community pharmacy operations through AI, these diverse perspectives contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in data-driven healthcare transformation. The integration of AI necessitates ethical considerations, inclusive practices, and a balance between optimization goals and individual rights, ensuring a holistic approach to healthcare datafication.                  Peer Review History: Received 2 October 2024;   Reviewed 17 November; Accepted 24 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Salfarina Ramli, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected] Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]

TRANSFORMING PHARMACY EDUCATION IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ANCIENT, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

This review article illuminates; a brief historical outline of the origin, evolution and current scenario of the Unani system of Medicine (USM) and Ilmul Saidla (Pharmacy), major issues in Pharmacy (Unani) education, training, practice, including lacunas in; course, curriculum, research, and innovation. The promising and constructive revolutionary idea of the educational system that should be implemented by the establishment of the Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Pharmacy, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Pharmacy (Unani) is also given. The objective of this futuristic vision is to produce skilled pharmaceutical professionals in USM to meet the requirements of Unani pharmaceutical industries, supervision of dispensaries of hospitals, public healthcare services and to upgrade the text and knowledge of Pharmacy (Unani). This paper offers a unique opportunity to spark meaningful discussions, encourage critical reflection, and guide strategic planning, making it an essential resource for the ongoing enhancement of the new Pharmacy education system in USM, to achieve impactful and positive outcomes.                   Peer Review History: Received 10 October 2024;   Reviewed 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Wilman Ismael Carrillo Terán, Technical University of Ambato Avda, Ecuador, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

This review article offers A brief overview of the most current advancements in synthesis methods and with regard to the pharmacological effects of quinazolinone derivatives. A heterocyclic hybrid quinazolinone having the chemical formula C8H6N2O. It is composed of rings that have been fused together i.e benzene and pyrimidine. The production of quinazolinone derivatives can be accomplished using a variety of methods, such as the Aza-diels-alder reaction, Aza-witting reaction, reaction aided by microwaves, metal-mediated synthesis, palladium-catalyzed reaction, copper-catalyzed reaction, ultrasound-promoted reaction, oxidative cyclization, reagent refluxing, one-pot synthesis, and aqueous media. This review paper included a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including a wide range of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of quinazolinone derivatives as well as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties were covered in this study.                     Peer Review History: Received 15 October 2024;   Reviewed 7 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Sameh Abdelmoneem Mohammed Ali, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Egypt, [email protected]

EOSINOPHILS IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: EMERGING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic hemoglobinopathy characterized by defective hemoglobin S, which results in sickle-shaped red blood cells. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and repeated vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) characterize the condition, all of which contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate potential molecular pathways and interactions involving eosinophils in the context of SCA severity. A thorough literature analysis was done to collect existing evidence on the molecular interactions of eosinophils in inflammatory disorders, with an emphasis on their probable involvement in SCA. The findings indicate that eosinophils may contribute to SCA severity via several routes. Eosinophil degranulation produces cytotoxic proteins such major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), which can increase oxidative stress and endothelial damage. Furthermore, eosinophils interact with adhesion molecules, causing vascular inflammation and aiding in the attachment of sickled red blood cells to the endothelium. Eosinophils appear to play multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCA, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. While direct studies on eosinophils in SCA are sparse, the molecular insights gained from this review indicate their possible role in disease severity.                    Peer Review History: Received 8 February 2025;   Reviewed 6 March 2025; Accepted 19 April; Available online 15 May 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]  Reviewers: Dr. Areen Alshweiat, University of Szeged, Hungary, [email protected] Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]

REVIEW ON CELLULAR SIGNALING, GROWTH FACTORS, AND MECHANICAL STIMULUS IN NERVE REGENERATION

The autonomous and peripheral constitute the entire nervous system. Peripheral nerve injury caused by trauma, accident and other associated factors always results in a huge loss of both the sensory and motor functions. The injured nerves can be successfully restored through the rebuilding of the functional axons. The complete recovery of PNI has not been optimized. Exogenous growth factor (GF) is a new therapeutic strategy that can be used in nerve regeneration. Growth factors mechanism of action is based on the ability to activate the signaling cascades via binding to the individual receptors in order to exert the multiple effects and restore the neuron and tissue regeneration. Although the GFs are limited by their short half-life and rapid deactivation. The use of nerve conduits has been able to reduce these limitations. The nerve conduits have been good biocompatibility and biofunctionality properties.                    Peer Review History: Received 14 September 2024;   Reviewed 18 November 2024; Accepted 23 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]

ANTILEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF BLACK CUMIN EXTRACTS AGAINST LEISHMANIA TROPICA

Objectives: In addition to the high cost of antileishmanial drugs, the resistance that develops against these drugs and their side effects has led to the investigation of leishmanicidal active ingredients from natural sources that may be cheaper and have no side effects. The purpose of this study is to use in vitro assays to examine the antileishmanial effect of various extracts made from black cumin seeds. Methods: By using the shaking maceration technique, extracts of black cumin seeds were prepared by water, 60% aqueous ethanol, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The extracts' ability to inhibit Leishmania tropica isolates with the code MHOM/TR 2012/CBCL-LT was examined.  Results: The IC50 values for methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, water, ethanol, and 60% aqueous ethanol extracts were determined as 172.4, 355.5, 400.3, 673.3, 818.4, and 1148 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The extracts of black cumin seeds have demonstrated antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica promastigotes. To verify black cumin seeds' potential as an antileishmanial source, in vivo antileishmanial research is required.                  Peer Review History: Received 8 February 2025;   Reviewed 13 March 2025; Accepted 24 April; Available online 15 May 2025 Academic Editor:  Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, [email protected]

DESIGN, FORMULATION, AND IN-VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPID-BASED NANO-BILOSOMAL VESICLES OF LOVASTATIN

Objective: This research work aims to develop the bilosomal vesicles for the delivery of lovastatin (LVS), a lipid-lowering agent known for its poor aqueous solubility and low absorption, which presents a major challenge in drug delivery and development. This study examinesthe potential of Bilosomes as an innovative vesicular drug delivery system to overcome these issues and limitations with LVS and enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Methods: Preliminary studies were conducted to determine the suitable lipid, non-ionic surfactant, and bile salt components and their levels for bilosomal system development. Fifteen formulae were obtained by adopting a Box-Behnken surface design using Design Expert software, prepared using the thin film hydration technique, and characterized in terms of entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (Zp), and cumulative in-vitro release % after 72 hours. The developed LVS-loaded bilosomal formulations were then optimized through the analysis of the characterization results to predict the optimized formula. Results: The maximum wavelength of LVS was determined at 238 nm after UV scanning, and the calibration curve constructed for LVS in dissolution medium showed a strong linear relationship between absorbance and concentration over the range of 2.5 to 20 µg/ml. The saturation solubility of LVS in Sorenson’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1% Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) was significantly enhanced (2.3 mg/ml) compared to its intrinsic solubility in pure water (0.0013 mg/ml), confirming that it was the best dissolution medium for the study. All Box-Behnken developed LVS-loaded bilosomal formulae exhibited high entrapment efficiencies (EE%), nano-size vesicles with polydispersity index (PDI) values, ranging from 0.218±0.006 to 0.495±0.028 indicating uniform size distribution, negative zeta potential (ZP) values ranging mV suggesting good stability, and cumulative release profile ranging from 19.89±0.049% to 43.27±0.024 % revealing sustained release patterns. Conclusions: This research paper employed Sorenson’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1% SLS as a good dissolution medium for LVS in which it showed greater solubility, and highlights the potentials of LVS-loaded Bilosomes with high EE%, vesicular nano-size, negative zeta potential values, and sustained release patterns as efficient drug delivery system for enhancing the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as LVS.                  Peer Review History: Received 6 February 2025;   Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 21 April; Available online 15 May 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, [email protected] Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]

THE DYNAMIC BINDING HYPOTHESIS: A NOVEL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING CONSCIOUSNESS

The Dynamic Binding Hypothesis (DBH) offers a framework for understanding consciousness as a product of synchronized neural oscillations across brain regions. This integration of brain activity, modulated by attention, working memory, and social context, is proposed as the basis of conscious experience. DBH suggests that disruptions in these synchronized oscillations may underlie consciousness disorders. Personalized medicine can enhance DBH's application by tailoring treatments based on individual neural characteristics. By using genetic data, biomarkers, and advanced diagnostics, therapies for consciousness disorders can be targeted to individual variations in neural oscillations. Furthermore, DBH and quantum biology offer complementary views. Quantum biology explores how quantum phenomena might influence neural activity, suggesting that quantum effects in microtubules and photons in neural communication could contribute to the neural synchronization central to DBH and consciousness. While insightful, DBH is not without limitations and should be considered alongside other theories to achieve a comprehensive understanding of consciousness. Integrating insights from various perspectives may be the most effective approach to unraveling this complex phenomenon.                   Peer Review History: Received 5 December 2024;   Reviewed 4 January 2025; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] Reviewers: Dr. Poualeu  Kamani  Sylviane  Laure, University of Dschang, Cameroon, [email protected] Dr. Razan Hani Amin Haddad, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan, [email protected]