Entre la Pragmática y la Lexicografía: la marca 'humorístico' en los diccionarios multilingües de aprendizaje del español

[Resumen] El humor es una manifestación difícil de explicar del lenguaje figurado, pero al mismo tiempo extraordinariamente frecuente en cualquier intercambio comunicativo. Por ese motivo, su presencia es una constante en los diccionarios españoles, tanto en los repertorios académicos como no académicos. Nuestro objetivo en este estudio es analizar cómo se ha codificado este significado intencional en los diccionarios monolingües de aprendizaje destinados a estudiantes extranjeros. Nos interesa saber si es posible reconocer el sentido humorístico de una palabra o expresión a partir de la información que nos ofrecen los diccionarios y qué consecuencias podemos sacar de ello

Design, implementation and elaboration of a multilingual terminology about turron, marzipan and other sweets

Este estudio es una presentación de un proyecto terminográfico multilingüe. Se trata de un diccionario en español monolingüe con equivalentes en catalán, inglés, chino, árabe y ruso del ámbito del turrón, mazapanes y otros dulces. Está dirigido a usuarios legos o semiexpertos en la materia y su finalidad es ayudar a solventar las dudas a la hora de redactar y traducir textos de este sector con la intención de facilitar las transacciones comerciales.The study is a presentation of a multilingual terminology project. It focuses on a Spanish terminology database and its translation in English, Catalan, Arabic, Chinese and Russian about turron, marzipan and other kinds of sweet. The database is conceived to serve users with different features –experts or semi experts– and its final objective is to solve editing and translating doubts in order to facilitate the business operations and transaction

Retaules catalans del barroc tardà : algunes consideracions

La darrera renovació tipològica del retaule barroc a Catalunya, vers un barroc tardà o classicista, es troba relacionada amb les corrents europees igual que en altres indrets d'Espanya i es produeix també per els mateixos anys, vers 1720. Tractem també la contribució d'alguns escultors catalans en aquest canvi: Jacint Moretó, Pere Costa i Josep Sunyer i descartem que en aquest procés s'hi trobi un sol escultor, Pere Costa, així com la interpretació de les fonts que s'han utilitzat per recolzar-ho.The last renovation in the structure of the baroque altarpiece in Catalonia takes place around 1720. It evolves towards a late baroque or classicist style and it connects with the trends in Europe and elsewhere in Spain around the same date. We also study the contribution of Catalan sculptors such as Jacint Moretó, Pere Costa and Josep Sunyer to this change, because we don't think that Pere Costa is the only sculptor connected to this process. We therefore disagree with the interpretation ot the sources that supports this theory

The Zintl-Klemm concept applied to cations in oxides. I. The structures of ternary aluminates

The structures of 94 ternary aluminates are reinterpreted on the basis of the Zintl-Klemm concept and Pearson's generalized octet rule. In aluminates of highly electropositive metals such as alkali, alkaline-earth and rare-earth metals, the Al atoms form three-dimensional skeleta which can be interpreted as if the Al atoms were behaving as Zintl polyanions, adopting the structure of either main-group elements or Zintl polyanions showing the same connectivity. The O atoms are then located close to both the hypothetical two-electron bonds and the lone pairs, giving rise to a tetrahedral coordination. When more electronegative elements, such as W or Si, are present in the compound, the electron transfer towards the Al atoms does not take place. In this case, aluminium behaves as a base, transferring its electrons to the more electronegative atoms and the coordination sphere of aluminium becomes octahedral. In some compounds the Al atoms clearly show amphoteric character so that some Al atoms act as donors (bases) and hence are octahedrally coordinated, whereas others behave as acceptors (acids), adopting a tetrahedral coordination. From this it is concluded that the coordination sphere of aluminium is not a function of the ionic radius of the Al3+ cations, but it depends on the nature of the other cations accompanying them in the structure. The networks formed by these aluminates are, in many instances, similar to those of the binary oxides of the main-group elements. For this reason, a systematic survey of these oxides is also reported. Compounds such as stuffed cristobalites and trydimites and also perovskites are examples of this new interpretation. Perovskites are then reinterpreted as a stuffed pseudo-TeO3 structure. Other families of compounds such as silicates and phosphates are susceptible to a similar interpretation. This study provides additional examples of how cations recognize themselves in spite of being embedded in an oxygen matrix.[to be completed]Peer reviewe

The Zintl-Klemm concept applied to cations in oxides. I. The structures of ternary aluminates

The structures of 94 ternary aluminates are reinterpreted on the basis of the Zintl-Klemm concept and Pearson's generalized octet rule. In aluminates of highly electropositive metals such as alkali, alkaline-earth and rare-earth metals, the Al atoms form three-dimensional skeleta which can be interpreted as if the Al atoms were behaving as Zintl polyanions, adopting the structure of either main-group elements or Zintl polyanions showing the same connectivity. The O atoms are then located close to both the hypothetical two-electron bonds and the lone pairs, giving rise to a tetrahedral coordination. When more electronegative elements, such as W or Si, are present in the compound, the electron transfer towards the Al atoms does not take place. In this case, aluminium behaves as a base, transferring its electrons to the more electronegative atoms and the coordination sphere of aluminium becomes octahedral. In some compounds the Al atoms clearly show amphoteric character so that some Al atoms act as donors (bases) and hence are octahedrally coordinated, whereas others behave as acceptors (acids), adopting a tetrahedral coordination. From this it is concluded that the coordination sphere of aluminium is not a function of the ionic radius of the Al3+ cations, but it depends on the nature of the other cations accompanying them in the structure. The networks formed by these aluminates are, in many instances, similar to those of the binary oxides of the main-group elements. For this reason, a systematic survey of these oxides is also reported. Compounds such as stuffed cristobalites and trydimites and also perovskites are examples of this new interpretation. Perovskites are then reinterpreted as a stuffed pseudo-TeO3 structure. Other families of compounds such as silicates and phosphates are susceptible to a similar interpretation. This study provides additional examples of how cations recognize themselves in spite of being embedded in an oxygen matrix.[to be completed]Peer reviewe

A Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach to Generalized Statistics for Brownian Motion

We analyze the dynamics of a Brownian gas in contact with a heat bath in which large temperature fluctuations occur. There are two distinct time scales present, one describes the decay of the fluctuations in the temperature and the other one is associated with the establishment of local equilibrium. Although the gas has reached local equilibrium, there exist large fluctuations in an intensive parameter (temperature) which break the thermodynamic equilibrium with the heat bath. Thus the decay of the fluctuations in the intensive parameter is larger than the characteristic time for the establishment of local equilibrium. We show that the dynamics of such large and intensive fluctuations may be described by adopting a nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach with an adequate formulation of local equilibrium. A coarsening procedure is then used to contract the space of mesoscopic variables needed to describe the dynamics of the gas and the extensive character of the description is lost. This procedure allows us to derive an effective Maxwell-Boltzmann factor (EMBF) for the Brownian gas, as has been recently proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we use this local equilibrium distribution and an entropy functional to derive a nonequilibrium probability distribution and a hydrodynamic description for the Brownian gas which contains fluctuating transport coefficients. The ensuing description is nonextensive and our analysis shows that the coarse-graining procedure is responsible for the nonextensivity property.Comment: 13 page

Tuning the propagation constant by the anti-crossing bandgap prism coupling technique.

A novel plasmonic structure based on an anticrossing bandgap prism coupling technique is proposed. The study has been carried out using photonic crystals based on diffraction gratings (bounded by dielectrics with identical dielectric functions) together with a high refractive index prism to couple the long-range surface plasmon polaritons to photons. We analyse the structure and demonstrate the ability for tuning the propagation constants of plasmon modes by changing the thickness of the gold grating. The comparison to non-bandgap techniques is studied, and the influence of the plasmonic configuration on the plasmon propagation constant is discussed as well. Experimental measurements were also carried out to confirm the validity of our model