A Parallel Branch and Bound Algorithm for the Resource Leveling Problem with Minimal Lags

[EN] The efficient use of resources is a key factor to minimize the cost while meeting time deadlines and quality requirements; this is especially important in construction projects where field operations take fluctuations of resources unproductive and costly. Resource Leveling Problems (RLP) aim to sequence the construction activities that maximize the resource consumption efficiency over time, minimizing the variability. Exact algorithms for the RLP have been proposed throughout the years to offer optimal solutions; however, these problems require a vast computational capability ( combinatorial explosion ) that makes them unpractical. Therefore, alternative heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms have been suggested in the literature to find local optimal solutions, using different libraries to benchmark optimal values; for example, the Project Scheduling Problem LIBrary for minimal lags is still open to be solved to optimality for RLP. To partially fill this gap, the authors propose a Parallel Branch and Bound algorithm for the RLP with minimal lags to solve the RLP with an acceptable computational effort. This way, this research contributes to the body of knowledge of construction project scheduling providing the optimums of 50 problems for the RLP with minimal lags for the first time, allowing future contributors to benchmark their heuristics meth-ods against exact results by obtaining the distance of their solution to the optimal values. Furthermore, for practitioners,the time required to solve this kind of problem is reasonable and practical, considering that unbalanced resources can risk the goals of the construction project.This research was supported by the FAPA program of the Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia). The authors would like to thank the research group of Construction Engineering and Management (INgeco), especially J. S. Rojas-Quintero, and the Department of Systems Engineering at the Universidad de Los Andes. The authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive suggestions.Ponz Tienda, JL.; Salcedo-Bernal, A.; Pellicer Armiñana, E. (2017). A Parallel Branch and Bound Algorithm for the Resource Leveling Problem with Minimal Lags. COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING. 32:474-498. doi:10.1111/mice.12233S47449832Adeli, H. (2000). High-Performance Computing for Large-Scale Analysis, Optimization, and Control. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 13(1), 1-10. doi:10.1061/(asce)0893-1321(2000)13:1(1)ADELI, H., & KAMAL, O. (2008). Parallel Structural Analysis Using Threads. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 4(2), 133-147. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8667.1989.tb00015.xAdeli, H., & Kamal, O. (1992). Concurrent analysis of large structures—II. applications. Computers & Structures, 42(3), 425-432. doi:10.1016/0045-7949(92)90038-2Adeli, H., Kamat, M. 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Improved Adaptive Harmony Search algorithm for the resource levelling problem with minimal lags

The resource leveling problem (RLP) aims to provide the most efficient resource consumption as well as minimize the resource fluctuations without increasing the prescribed makespan of the construction project. Resource fluctuations are impractical, inefficient and costly when they happen on construction sites. Therefore, previous research has tried to find an efficient way to solve this problem. Metaheuristics using Harmony Search seem to be faster and more efficient than others, but present the same problem of premature convergence closing around local optimums. In order to diminish this issue, this study introduces an innovative Improved and Adaptive Harmony Search (IAHS) algorithm to improve the solution of the RLP with multiple resources. This IAHS algorithm has been tested with the standard Project Scheduling Problem Library for four metrics that provide different levelled profiles from rectangular to bell shapes. The results have been compared with the benchmarks available in the literature presenting a complete discussion of results. Additionally, a case study of 71 construction activities contemplating the widest possible set of conditions including continuity and discontinuity of flow relationships has been solved as example of application for real life construction projects. Finally, a visualizer tool has been developed to compare the effects of applying different metrics with an app for Excel. The IAHS algorithm is faster with better overall results than other metaheuristics. Results also show that the IAHS algorithm is especially fitted for the Sum of Squares Optimization metric. The proposed IAHS algorithm for the RLP is a starting point in order to develop user-friendly and practical computer applications to provide realistic, fast and good solutions for construction project managers.This research was partially supported by the FAPA program of Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia (code P14.246922.005/01). The authors would also like to thank the research group of Construction Engineering and Management (INgeco).Ponz Tienda, JL.; Salcedo-Bernal, A.; Pellicer Armiñana, E.; Benlloch Marco, J. (2017). Improved Adaptive Harmony Search algorithm for the resource levelling problem with minimal lags. Automation in Construction. 77:82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.01.018S82927

The Multimode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem for Repetitive Activities in Construction Projects

[EN] In construction projects, resource availability might limit the implementation of ideal schedules. Especially, when repetitive activities are involved, traditional resource¿constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) models fail to allocate the resource consumption in an efficient manner. Besides, actual models only provide local optimal solutions and do not incorporate activity acceleration routines. To fulfill this gap, partially, a mathematical optimization model, the multimode RCPSP for repetitive activities in construction projects, is proposed and solved to optimality; it takes into account acceleration routines under real construction scenarios using spreadsheets. The article shows a complete computational experimentation over a real construction project, considering several scenarios of resource availabilities and continuity conditions. The model allows analyzing the resources efficiency indexes comparing them to resource consumptions, continuity of activities, and objective functions that reveal that fragmented activities do not provide better resource efficiency outcomes.This research was partially supported by the FAPA program of Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia (code P14.246922.005/01). The authors would also like to thank the research group of Construction Engineering and Management (INgeco) at Universidad de los Andes.García-Nieves, J.; Ponz-Tienda, JL.; Salcedo-Bernal, A.; Pellicer Armiñana, E. (2018). The Multimode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem for Repetitive Activities in Construction Projects. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 33(8):655-671. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12356S65567133

Identification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Rural Road Projects in Colombia

[EN] Rural roads play an indispensable role in economic and social well-being, especially in developing countries, contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. For this reason, it is necessary to plan these projects properly to guarantee their success. In this line, the objective of this research is to identify significant variables generating overruns in time and cost using empirical data of 535 rural road projects in Colombia from 2015 to 2018. Bivariate analysis, with statistical tools like Spearman's Rho and Kruskal-Wallis, allowed identifying that higher values of variables like budget and project intensity are related to higher deviations in cost and time. Additionally, it was found that projects with shorter durations are reporting higher time overruns. The worst performers are projects executed in the year that council mayors start their terms, those developed in municipalities with more resources, and those awarded using a competitive bidding process. Multivariate analysis, through Random Forest, assessed the effect of considering all variables interacting simultaneously and ranking them in order of importance. The results demonstrated a relationship between cost and time performance, and that numerical variables are more significant than the categorical ones. This study contributes to a better understanding of the causes of delays and cost overruns on rural roads, providing useful insight for researchers and industry practitioners.Gomez-Cabrera, A.; Sanz-Benlloch, MA.; Montalbán-Domingo, L.; Ponz Tienda, JL.; Pellicer, E. (2020). Identification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Rural Road Projects in Colombia. Sustainability. 12(18):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187377S1181218http://www.slocat.net/wp-content/uploads/legacy/u15/contribution_of_rural_transport_to_the_sustainable_development_goals_paper_final.pdfBurrow, M. P. N., Evdorides, H., Ghataora, G. S., Petts, R., & Snaith, M. S. (2016). 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Minerals Engineering, 35, 27-42. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2012.05.008Random Forest Regression-Towards Data Sciencehttps://towardsdatascience.com/random-forest-and-its-implementation-71824ced454fGrömping, U. (2009). Variable Importance Assessment in Regression: Linear Regression versus Random Forest. The American Statistician, 63(4), 308-319. doi:10.1198/tast.2009.08199James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). Introduction. An Introduction to Statistical Learning, 1-14. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7138-7_1Oshiro, T. M., Perez, P. S., & Baranauskas, J. A. (2012). How Many Trees in a Random Forest? Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 154-168. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31537-4_13Park, Y., & Papadopoulou, T. C. (2012). Causes of cost overruns in transport infrastructure projects in Asia. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 2(2), 195-216. doi:10.1108/20441241211280873Gunduz, M., Nielsen, Y., & Ozdemir, M. (2015). Fuzzy Assessment Model to Estimate the Probability of Delay in Turkish Construction Projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(4), 04014055. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000261Bagaya, O., & Song, J. (2016). Empirical Study of Factors Influencing Schedule Delays of Public Construction Projects in Burkina Faso. Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(5), 05016014. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000443Lo, T. Y., Fung, I. W., & Tung, K. C. (2006). Construction Delays in Hong Kong Civil Engineering Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(6), 636-649. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2006)132:6(636)Kaka, A., & Price, A. D. F. (1991). Relationship between value and duration of construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 9(4), 383-400. doi:10.1080/01446199100000030Kumaraswamy ∗, M. M., & Chan, D. W. M. (1995). Determinants of construction duration. Construction Management and Economics, 13(3), 209-217. doi:10.1080/0144619950000002

BIM Use Assessment (BUA) Tool for Characterizing the Application Levels of BIM Uses for the Planning and Design of Construction Projects

[EN] The evaluation of BIM capabilities and repeatability enables a company or project to identify its current status and how to improve continuously; this evaluation can be performed with BIM maturity models. However, these maturity models can measure the BIM state but not specifically the application of BIM uses. Likewise, in interorganizational project teams with a diversity of factors from various companies, it is possible to evaluate the capacity at a specified time with specified factors, but it is not possible to evaluate the repeatability unless the client always works with the same project teams. Therefore, despite the existence of various BIM uses in the literature, there is no instrument to evaluate the level of implementation of them in construction projects. This research proposes a BIM Use Assessment (BUA) tool for characterizing the levels of application of the BIM uses in the planning and design phases of building projects. The research methodology was organized into three stages: (1) identification, selection, and definition of BIM uses; (2) proposal of the BUA tool for characterizing the level of BIM use application; and (3) validation of the BUA tool. The tool was validated using 25 construction projects, where high reliability and concordance were observed; hence, the BUA tool complies with the consistency and concordance analysis for assessing uses in the design and planning phases of construction projects. The assessment will enable self-diagnosis, stakeholder qualification/selection, and industry benchmarking.This work was supported by FONDECYT (1181648 to Alarcón L. F. and Mourgues C.) and CONICYT, Chile (PCHA/National Doctorate/2018-21180884 to Herrera R. F.).Rojas, MJ.; Herrera, RF.; Mourgues, C.; Ponz-Tienda, JL.; Alarcón, LF.; Pellicer, E. (2019). BIM Use Assessment (BUA) Tool for Characterizing the Application Levels of BIM Uses for the Planning and Design of Construction Projects. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2019:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9094254S192019Azhar, S. (2011). Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 11(3), 241-252. doi:10.1061/(asce)lm.1943-5630.0000127Succar, B., Sher, W., & Williams, A. (2012). Measuring BIM performance: Five metrics. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(2), 120-142. doi:10.1080/17452007.2012.659506Sydow, J., & Braun, T. (2018). Projects as temporary organizations: An agenda for further theorizing the interorganizational dimension. International Journal of Project Management, 36(1), 4-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.04.012McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 276-282. doi:10.11613/bm.2012.03

The Resource Leveling Problem with multiple resources using an adaptive genetic algorithm

Resource management ensures that a project is completed on time and at cost, and that its quality is as previously defined; nevertheless, resources are scarce and their use in the activities of the project leads to conflicts in the schedule. Resource Leveling Problems consider how to make the resource consumption as efficient as possible. This paper presents a new Adaptive Genetic Algorithm for the Resource Leveling Problem with multiple resources, and its novelty lies in using the Weibull distribution to establish an estimation of the global optimum as a termination condition. The extension of the project deadline with a penalty is allowed, avoiding the increase in the project criticality punishing the shift of activities. The algorithmis tested with the standard Project Scheduling Problem Library PSPLIB, and a complete analysis and benchmarking test instances are presented. The proposed algorithm is implemented using VBA for Excel 2010 in order to provide a flexible and powerful decision support system that enables practitioners to choose between different feasible solutions to a problem, and in addition it is easily adjustable to the constraints and particular needs of each project in realistic environments.This study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (research project BIA2011-23602).Ponz Tienda, JL.; Yepes Piqueras, V.; Pellicer Armiñana, E.; Moreno Flores, J. (2013). The Resource Leveling Problem with multiple resources using an adaptive genetic algorithm. Automation in Construction. 29(1):161-172. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2012.10.003S16117229

Complete fuzzy scheduling and fuzzy earned value management in construction projects

Complete fuzzy scheduling and fuzzy earned value management in construction projects Por: Luis Ponz-Tienda, Jose; Pellicer, Eugenio; Yepes, Victor JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE A Volumen: 13 Número: 1 Páginas: 56-68 Fecha de publicación: JAN 2012 Search For Full Text Cerrar abstractCerrar abstract This paper aims to present a comprehensive proposal for project scheduling and control by applying fuzzy earned value. It goes a step further than the existing literature: in the formulation of the fuzzy earned value we consider not only its duration, but also cost and production, and alternatives in the scheduling between the earliest and latest times. The mathematical model is implemented in a prototypical construction project with all the estimated values taken as fuzzy numbers. Our findings suggest that different possible schedules and the fuzzy arithmetic provide more objective results in uncertain environments than the traditional methodology. The proposed model allows for controlling the vagueness of the environment through the adjustment of the alpha-cut, adapting it to the specific circumstances of the project. © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.The authors want to thank Ms. Doria GIL-SENABRE, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, for the support provided.Ponz Tienda, JL.; Pellicer Armiñana, E.; Yepes Piqueras, V. (2012). Complete fuzzy scheduling and fuzzy earned value management in construction projects. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A. 13(1):56-68. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1100160S566813

The Fuzzy Project Scheduling Problem with Minimal Generalized Precedence Relations

In scheduling, estimations are affected by the imprecision of limited information on future events, and the reduction in the number and level of detail of activities. Overlapping of processes and activities requires the study of their continuity, along with analysis of the risks associated with imprecision. In this line, this paper proposes a fuzzy heuristic model for the Project Scheduling Problem with flows and minimal feeding, time and work Generalized Precedence Relations with a realistic approach to overlapping, in which the continuity of processes and activities is allowed in a discretionary way. This fuzzy algorithm handles the balance of process flows, and computes the optimal fragmentation of tasks, avoiding the interruption of the critical path and reverse criticality. The goodness of this approach is tested on several problems found in the literature; furthermore, an example of a 15-story building was used to compare the better performance of the algorithm implemented in Visual Basic for Applications (Excel) over that same example input in Primavera© P6 Professional V8.2.0, using five different scenarios.This research was supported by the FAPA program of Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia. The authors would like to thank the research group of Construction Engineering and Management (INgeco) of Universidad de Los Andes, and the five anonymous referees for their helpful and constructive suggestions.Ponz Tienda, JL.; Pellicer Armiñana, E.; Benlloch Marco, J.; Andrés Romano, C. (2015). The Fuzzy Project Scheduling Problem with Minimal Generalized Precedence Relations. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 30(11):872-891. doi:10.1111/mice.12166S8728913011Adeli, H., & Park, H. S. (1995). Optimization of space structures by neural dynamics. 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System for Scheduling Highway Construction Projects. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 11(2), 123-139. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8667.1996.tb00316.xBai, L., Yan, L., & Ma, Z. M. (2014). Querying fuzzy spatiotemporal data using XQuery. Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 21(2), 147-162. doi:10.3233/ica-130454Ballesteros-Pérez, P., González-Cruz, M. C., Cañavate-Grimal, A., & Pellicer, E. (2013). Detecting abnormal and collusive bids in capped tendering. Automation in Construction, 31, 215-229. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2012.11.036Bartusch, M., Möhring, R. H., & Radermacher, F. J. (1988). Scheduling project networks with resource constraints and time windows. Annals of Operations Research, 16(1), 199-240. doi:10.1007/bf02283745Bianco, L., & Caramia, M. (2011). 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Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 28(9), 679-692. doi:10.1111/mice.12038Dell’Orco, M., & Mellano, M. (2013). A New User-Oriented Index, Based on a Fuzzy Inference System, for Quality Evaluation of Rural Roads. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 28(8), 635-647. doi:10.1111/mice.12021Deng, H. (2014). Comparing and ranking fuzzy numbers using ideal solutions. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 38(5-6), 1638-1646. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2013.09.012De Reyck, B., & Herroelen, willy. (1998). A branch-and-bound procedure for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence relations. European Journal of Operational Research, 111(1), 152-174. doi:10.1016/s0377-2217(97)00305-6De Reyck, B., & Herroelen, W. (1999). The multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence relations. 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Network Scheduling Techniques for Construction Project Management. Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5951-8Harris, R. B., & Ioannou, P. G. (1998). Scheduling Projects with Repeating Activities. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 124(4), 269-278. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1998)124:4(269)Hejducki, Z. (2004). Sequencing problems in methods of organising construction processes. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 11(1), 20-32. doi:10.1108/09699980410512638Hebert, J. E., & Deckro, R. F. (2011). Combining contemporary and traditional project management tools to resolve a project scheduling problem. Computers & Operations Research, 38(1), 21-32. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2009.12.004Herroelen, W., & Leus, R. (2005). Project scheduling under uncertainty: Survey and research potentials. European Journal of Operational Research, 165(2), 289-306. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2004.04.002IBM 1968Jahani, E., Muhanna, R. L., Shayanfar, M. 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Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 29(6), 449-463. doi:10.1111/mice.12073Long, L. D., & Ohsato, A. (2008). Fuzzy critical chain method for project scheduling under resource constraints and uncertainty. International Journal of Project Management, 26(6), 688-698. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.09.012Lootsma, F. A. (1989). Stochastic and fuzzy Pert. European Journal of Operational Research, 43(2), 174-183. doi:10.1016/0377-2217(89)90211-7Malcolm, D. G., Roseboom, J. H., Clark, C. E., & Fazar, W. (1959). Application of a Technique for Research and Development Program Evaluation. Operations Research, 7(5), 646-669. doi:10.1287/opre.7.5.646Maravas, A., & Pantouvakis, J.-P. (2011). Fuzzy Repetitive Scheduling Method for Projects with Repeating Activities. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 137(7), 561-564. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000319PONZ TIENDA, J. L., BENLLOCH MARCO, J., ANDRÉS ROMANO, C., & SENABRE, D. (2011). 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GRCPSP Robusto basado en Producción para Proyectos de Edificación y Construcción

Esta Tesis doctoral representa una nueva formulación del problema del GRCPSP (Generalized Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem) mediante grafos PDM (Precedence Diagramming Method) con fragmentación en entornos realistas, donde las tareas son diferenciadas entre productivas y no productivas y las dependencias entre ellas no se limitan a los ya clásicos valores de dependencia, sino que se incorpora un nuevo concepto de relación de producción, apareciendo relaciones basadas en un cierto nivel de producción necesario de otra tarea para poder comenzar, o cierta producción que quedará pendiente de finalizar una vez finalizada la tarea precedente. Este nuevo enfoque del problema basado en procesos productivos, no solo elimina las paradojas causadas por las tareas críticas inversas o críticas perversas, sino que nos permite aplicar conceptos tradicionales de la planificación de la producción como es la productividad variable ocasionada por el aprendizaje con las repercusiones que esto produce en las relaciones basadas en producción. Además se analizan las naturalezas de los recursos intervinientes en el proyecto, reformulando los costes asociados a los mismos y su repercusión sobre el nuevo modelo propuesto, permitiendo la aplicación de algoritmos de optimización TCTP (Time Cost Trade-Off Problem) que hasta ahora era inviable. Para finalizar se incorpora la borrosidad a los valores intervinientes en el proyecto presentando la formulación de un modelo robusto de planificación de la producción basada en grafos PDM que sirve de punto de partida a la resolución del GRCPSP en entornos realistas.Ponz Tienda, JL. (2010). GRCPSP Robusto basado en Producción para Proyectos de Edificación y Construcción [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8540Palanci