Die Staatsunabhängigkeit der Medien Analyse eines verfassungsrechtlichen Prinzips im Spannungsverhältnis zur Staatsverantwortung im Medienbereich und zur staatlichen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung des digitalen Wandels

Sollen die journalistischen Medien ihre demokratiewesentlichen Aufgaben der öffentlichen Meinungsbildung und der Kontrolle staatlicher Macht wirksam wahrnehmen können, müssen sie vom Staat unabhängig sein. Gleichzeitig hat ebendieser Staat ein vielfältiges Medienangebot zu gewährleisten und die Öffentlichkeit über seine Tätigkeiten zu informieren. Dieses Spannungsverhältnis verschärft sich im Internetzeitalter, in welchem die teure journalistische Inhaltsproduktion immer weniger als gesichert gilt. So aktualisiert sich dadurch die staatliche Pflicht, den Medienpluralismus etwa durch die Organisation eines Service public-Systems oder anderweitiger Fördermassnahmen zu sichern und eine aktive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit wahrzunehmen. Dies erhöht wiederum die Gefahr, dass der Staat die Medientätigkeit beeinflusst oder selber zum Medienanbieter wird. Welche Grenzen der Staat in diesem Kontext zu beachten hat, wird in diesem Buch anhand einer mediengattungsübergreifenden verfassungs- und völkerrechtlichen Analyse des Prinzips der Staatsunabhängigkeit der Medien herausgearbeitet

Die Staatsunabhängigkeit der Medien

If the journalistic media are to be able to effectively perform their essential democratic tasks of forming public opinion and controlling state power, they must be independent of the state. At the same time, this state has to guarantee a diverse range of media and to inform the public about its activities. This tension is intensifying in the internet age, in which the expensive production of journalistic content is less and less taken for granted. This updates the state's duty to ensure media pluralism, for example by organizing a public service system or other promotional measures, and to carry out active public relations work. This in turn increases the risk that the state will influence media activity or become the media provider itself. The limits that the state has to observe in this context are worked out in this book on the basis of a cross-media, constitutional and international law analysis of the principle of the media's independence from the state.Sollen die journalistischen Medien ihre demokratiewesentlichen Aufgaben der öffentlichen Meinungsbildung und der Kontrolle staatlicher Macht wirksam wahrnehmen können, müssen sie vom Staat unabhängig sein. Gleichzeitig hat ebendieser Staat ein vielfältiges Medienangebot zu gewährleisten und die Öffentlichkeit über seine Tätigkeiten zu informieren. Dieses Spannungsverhältnis verschärft sich im Internetzeitalter, in welchem die teure journalistische Inhaltsproduktion immer weniger als gesichert gilt. So aktualisiert sich dadurch die staatliche Pflicht, den Medienpluralismus etwa durch die Organisation eines Service public-Systems oder anderweitiger Fördermassnahmen zu sichern und eine aktive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit wahrzunehmen. Dies erhöht wiederum die Gefahr, dass der Staat die Medientätigkeit beeinflusst oder selber zum Medienanbieter wird. Welche Grenzen der Staat in diesem Kontext zu beachten hat, wird in diesem Buch anhand einer mediengattungsübergreifenden verfassungs- und völkerrechtlichen Analyse des Prinzips der Staatsunabhängigkeit der Medien herausgearbeitet

Virtual enactment effect on memory in young and aged populations: a systematic review

Background: Spatial cognition is a critical aspect of episodic memory, as it provides the scaffold for events and enables successful retrieval. Virtual enactment (sensorimotor and cognitive interaction) by means of input devices within virtual environments provides an excellent opportunity to enhance encoding and to support memory retrieval with useful traces in the brain compared to passive observation. Methods: We conducted a systematic review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines concerning the virtual enactment effect on spatial and episodic memory in young and aged populations. We aim at giving guidelines for virtual enactment studies, especially in the context of aging, where spatial and episodic memory decline. Results: Our findings reveal a positive effect on spatial and episodic memory in the young population and promising outcomes in aging. Several cognitive factors (e.g., executive function, decision-making, and visual components) mediate memory performances. Findings should be taken into account for future interventions in aging. Conclusions: The present review sheds light on the key role of the sensorimotor and cognitive systems for memory rehabilitation by means of a more ecological tool such as virtual reality and stresses the importance of the body for cognition, endorsing the view of an embodied mind

Die Staatsunabhängigkeit der Medien

If the journalistic media are to be able to effectively perform their essential democratic tasks of forming public opinion and controlling state power, they must be independent of the state. At the same time, this state has to guarantee a diverse range of media and to inform the public about its activities. This tension is intensifying in the internet age, in which the expensive production of journalistic content is less and less taken for granted. This updates the state's duty to ensure media pluralism, for example by organizing a public service system or other promotional measures, and to carry out active public relations work. This in turn increases the risk that the state will influence media activity or become the media provider itself. The limits that the state has to observe in this context are worked out in this book on the basis of a cross-media, constitutional and international law analysis of the principle of the media's independence from the state

Exploration des mécanismes cognitifs, métacognitifs et autobiographiques dans le déficit d'insight dans la schizophrénie

Dans la schizophrénie, le déficit d insight est d une importance clinique majeure de fait de son lien étroit avec l observance médicamenteuse et l alliance thérapeutique. Ce travail propose au moyen de trois études l exploration du concept d insight, précisant les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tendus et évaluant les effets de 3 nouvelles prises en charge sur son niveau d évolution. Nous nous sommes basés pour cela sur trois modèles théoriques, celui de Conway (2005) qui établit des liens étroits entre le self et la mémoire autobiographique, celui de Larøi et al., (2004) suggérant à l origine du déficit d insight un trouble de la conscience autonoétique en lien avec la mémoire autobiographique, et enfin, celui de Agnew et Morris (1989) incriminant une palette de troubles cognitifs et métacognitifs dans le déficit d insight. Nos résultats soulignent le rôle primordial de la mémoire autobiographique dans le déficit d insight et notamment la qualité des souvenirs sur la période supérieur à >20 ans. De plus les résultats indiquent que, les modèles autobiographique et métacognitif prédisent mieux le déficit d insight comparés au modèle cognitif de base. Parmi les trois programmes thérapeutiques, le programme RECOS (Vianin, 2007), améliore de manière significative le fonctionnement cognitif. Le programme REMAu (Piolino, 2006), visant la reconstruction des souvenirs autobiographique en lien avec le self, améliore de façon significative la conscience du trouble mental et la qualité du rappel épisodique. Le programme MBCT (Segal, Williams et Teasdale, 2002), visant la prise de conscience du moment présent, améliore de façon significative la capacité à attribuer la symptomatologie à la maladie mentale, l estime de soi et la théorie de l esprit. Ces résultats nous amènent à proposer un modèle explicatif et multidimensionnel du déficit d insight dans la schizophrénie, intégrant les trois modèles étudiés ; cognitif, métacognitif et autobiographique.The origins of poor insight in schizophrenia are still unclear. We contrasted the changes in clinical insight, basic cognitive processes, autobiographical memory and metacognition in 63 outpatient s with schizophrenia pseudo-randomly assigned to one of three cognitive remediation groups: one targeting basic cognitive processes (RECOS), a second autobiographical memory (REMAu), and a third metacognitive deficits (MBCT). Three dimensions of insight (awareness of: mental illness, benefit of treatment, psychosocial consequences) improved after treatment, regardless of the group. In addition, the REMAu and MBCT showed an improvement on other dimensions of insight (symptomatic awareness and symptomatic attribution, respectively). Poor insight and its improvement after treatment were best predicted by a combination of basic cognitive, autobiographical and metacognitive measures. This study supports a multidimensional conception of insight and recommends the combination of remediation therapies to improve clinical insight in schizophrenia.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Episodic Memory Assessment and Remediation in Normal and Pathological Aging Using Virtual Reality: A Mini Review

Life expectancy is constantly increasing in developed countries. Unfortunately, a longer life does not always correspond to a healthier life, as even normal aging is associated with cognitive decline and increased risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Episodic memory (EM) is one of the most vulnerable cognitive functions in aging, and its decline is the hallmark of typical Alzheimer’s disease. This memory system is defined as the ability to acquire and recollect personally experienced episodes associated with a specific affective, spatial, and temporal context. However, most of the neuropsychological and experimental tasks currently employed to assess EM consist in learning simple material (e.g., list of words) in highly stereotyped contexts. In the same vein, classical paper-and-pencil or numeric remediation tools have shown their limitations in the transfer of acquired skills to daily life. Virtual reality (VR), thanks to its immersive properties, and the possibility of delivering realistic and complex scenarios, seems a promising tool to address the limitations of the assessment and remediation of EM. Here, we review existing studies employing VR in normal and pathological aging to assess and reeducate EM. Overall, we show that VR has been mainly used via non-immersive systems. Further studies should, therefore, test the impact of different degrees of immersion. Moreover, there is a lack of VR remediation tools specifically targeting EM. We propose that future studies should fill this gap, addressing in particular the adaptivity of VR remediation protocols

Grey and white matter correlates of recent and remote autobiographical memory retrieval:Insights from the dementias

The capacity to remember self-referential past events relies on the integrity of a distributed neural network. Controversy exists, however, regarding the involvement of specific brain structures for the retrieval of recently experienced versus more distant events. Here, we explored how characteristic patterns of atrophy in neurodegenerative disorders differentially disrupt remote versus recent autobiographical memory. Eleven behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, 10 semantic dementia, 15 Alzheimer's disease patients and 14 healthy older Controls completed the Autobiographical Interview. All patient groups displayed significant remote memory impairments relative to Controls. Similarly, recent period retrieval was significantly compromised in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease, yet semantic dementia patients scored in line with Controls. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging analyses, for all participants combined, were conducted to investigate grey and white matter correlates of remote and recent autobiographical memory retrieval. Neural correlates common to both recent and remote time periods were identified, including the hippocampus, medial prefrontal, and frontopolar cortices, and the forceps minor and left hippocampal portion of the cingulum bundle. Regions exclusively implicated in each time period were also identified. The integrity of the anterior temporal cortices was related to the retrieval of remote memories, whereas the posterior cingulate cortex emerged as a structure significantly associated with recent autobiographical memory retrieval. This study represents the first investigation of the grey and white matter correlates of remote and recent autobiographical memory retrieval in neurodegenerative disorders. Our findings demonstrate the importance of core brain structures, including the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, irrespective of time period, and point towards the contribution of discrete regions in mediating successful retrieval of distant versus recently experienced events

Young and Older Adults Benefit From Sleep, but Not From Active Wakefulness for Memory Consolidation of What-Where-When Naturalistic Events

An extensive psychological literature shows that sleep actively promotes human episodic memory (EM) consolidation in younger adults. However, evidence for the benefit of sleep for EM consolidation in aging is still elusive. In addition, most of the previous studies used EM assessments that are very different from everyday life conditions and are far from considering all the hallmarks of this memory system. In this study, the effect of an extended period of sleep was compared to the effect of an extended period of active wakefulness on the EM consolidation of naturalistic events, using a novel (What-Where-When) EM task, rich in perceptual details and spatio-temporal context, presented in a virtual environment. We investigated the long-term What-Where-When and Details binding performances of young and elderly people before and after an interval of sleep or active wakefulness. Although we found a noticeable age-related decline in EM, both age groups benefited from sleep, but not from active wakefulness. In younger adults, only the period of sleep significantly enhanced the capacity to associate different components of EM (binding performance) and more specifically the free recall of what-when information. Interestingly, in the elderly, sleep significantly enhanced not only the recall of factual elements but also associated details and contextual information as well as the amount of high feature binding (i.e., What-Where-When and Details). Thus, this study evidences the benefit of sleep, and the detrimental effect of active wakefulness, on long-term feature binding, which is one of the core characteristics of EM, and its effectiveness in normal aging. However, further research should investigate whether this benefit is specific to sleep or more generally results from the effect of a post-learning period of reduced interference, which could also concern quiet wakefulness

Supporting older and younger adults’ memory for recent everyday events: a prospective sampling study using SenseCam

This study measured the effect of a wearable camera, SenseCam, on older and younger adults’ memories of recently experienced everyday events. Participants used SenseCam to prospectively sample events from a typical week, which they recalled two weeks later. Recall was cued by a self-generated title only (control condition), by the title and forward-order SenseCam images, or by the title and random-order SenseCam images. In the control condition, older and younger adults’ memories were comparably episodic, but older adults recalled more semantic details. Both forward- and random-order SenseCam images were associated with increased episodic and semantic recall in both groups, and there was a small but significant effect of temporal order favouring the forward-order condition. These findings suggest that SenseCam is effective in supporting retrieval of memory for recent events, and the results of the temporal order manipulation also shed light on the mechanism of SenseCam’s effect

Autobiographical memory and well-being in aging: the central role of semantic self-images

Higher levels of well-being are associated with longer life expectancies and better physical health. Previous studies suggest that processes involving the self and autobiographical memory are related to well-being, yet these relationships are poorly understood. The present study tested 32 older and 32 younger adults using scales measuring well-being and the affective valence of two types of autobiographical memory: episodic autobiographical memories and semantic self-images. Results showed that valence of semantic self-images, but not episodic autobiographical memories, was highly correlated with well-being,particularly in older adults. In contrast, well-being in older adults was unrelated to performance across a range of standardised memory tasks. These results highlight the role of semantic self-images in well-being, and have implications for the development of therapeutic interventions for well-being in aging