The Effectiveness of Monitor-Based Augmented Reality Paradigms for Learning Space-Related Technical Tasks

Currently today there are many types of media that can help individuals learn and excel in the on going effort to acquire knowledge for a specific trait or function in a workplace, laboratory, or learning facility. Technology has advanced in the fields of transportation, information gathering, and education. The need for better recall of information is in demand in a wide variety of areas. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that may help meet this demand. AR is a hybrid of reality and virtual reality (VR) that uses the three-dimensional location viewed through a video or optical see-through media to capture the object\u27s coordinates and add virtual images, objects, or text superimposed on the scene (Azuma, 1997). The purpose of this research is to investigate four different modes of presentation and the effect of those modes on learning and recall of information using monitor-based Augmented Reality. The four modes of presentation are Select, Observe, Interact and Print modes. Each mode possesses different attributes that may affect learning and recall. The Select mode can be described as a mode of presentation that allows movement of the work piece in front of the tracking camera. The Observe mode involves information presentation using a pre-recorded video scene presented with no interaction with the work piece. The Interact mode allows the user to view a pre-recorded video scene that allows the user to point and click on the component of the work piece with a computer mouse on the monitor. The Print mode consists of printed material of each work piece component. It was hypothesized that the Select mode would provide the user with the richest presentation of information due to information access capabilities helping to decrease work time, reduce the amount of error likelihood during usage, enhance the user\u27s motivation for learning tasks, and increase concurrent learning and performances due to recall and retention. It was predicted that the Select mode would result in trainees that would recall the greatest amount of information even after extended periods of time had elapsed. This hypothesis was not supported. No significant differences between the four groups were found

Axial heterogeneity of vasopressin-receptor subtypes along the human and mouse collecting duct.

Vasopressin and vasopressin antagonists are finding expanded use in mouse models of disease and in clinical medicine. To provide further insight into the physiological role of V1a and V2 vasopressin receptors in the human and mouse kidney, intrarenal localization of the receptors mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization. V2-receptor mRNA was predominantly expressed in the medulla, whereas mRNA for V1a receptors predominated in the cortex. The segmental localization of vasopressin-receptor mRNAs was determined using simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for segment-specific markers, including aquaporin-2, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, epithelial Na channels, Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein, and thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter. Notably, V1a receptor expression was exclusively expressed in V-ATPase/anion exchanger-1-labeled alpha-intercalated cells of the medullary collecting duct in both mouse and human kidney. In cortical collecting ducts, V1a mRNA was more widespread and detected in both principal and intercalated cells. V2-receptor mRNA is diffusely expressed along the collecting ducts in both mouse and human kidney, with higher expression levels in the medulla. These results demonstrate heterogenous axial expression of both V1a and V2 vasopressin receptors along the human and mouse collecting duct. The restricted expression of V1a-receptor mRNA in intercalated cells suggests a role for this receptor in acid-base balance. These findings further suggest distinct regulation of renal transport function by AVP through V1a and V2 receptors in the cortex vs. the medulla

СТРАТИФІКАЦІЯ МОДИФІКУЮЧИХ ФАКТОРІВ РИЗИКУ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗУ У ХВОРИХ НА ХРОНІЧНИЙ ПАНКРЕАТИТ

The article describes and analyzes the influence of the main risk factors of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis.The aim - to identify and research risk factors of atherosclerosis in patients with combination of chronic pancreatitis and dyslipidemia.Materials and Methods. We conducted mixed triglyceride 13C breath test (13C-MTBT) and amylase 13C-breath test (13C-ABT) for detection of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Atherosclerotic changes were diagnosed by measuring the thickness of the intima-media layer in the carotid artery and changes in the lipid profile of the blood (by determining the total blood plasma cholesterol (CF), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and atherogenicity).Results. The exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was observed in all patients by using the triglyceride respiratory test. The violation of the lipid profile, namely: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and increase in atherogenicity was found in all patients. It has been shown that obesity or insufficient body weight cannot serve as a criterion for determining the degree of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency or the severity of atherosclerotic disorders in patients with combination of chronic pancreatitis and atherosclerosis. It is proved that triglyceride respiratory test is a method of choice for early diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The significant influence of the modified risk factors of atherosclerosis on the course of chronic pancreatitis was revealed by using the testing methods, questionnaires and surveys.В статье описано и проанализировано влияние основных модифицирующих факторов риска атеросклероза у больных хроническим панкреатитом.Цель исследования - выявить и исследовать наличие факторов риска атеросклероза у больных хроническим панкреатитом в сочетании с нарушением липидограммы.Материалы и методы. Всем больным было проведено 13С-смешанный триглицеридный дыхательный тест (13С-ЗТДТ) и 13С-амилазный дыхательный тест (13С-АДТ) для выявления внешнесекреторной недостаточности поджелудочной железы. Атеросклеротические изменения диагностировали измеряя толщину слоя "интима-медиа" в сонной артерии и при наличии нарушений в липидограмме (определением содержания общего холестерина плазмы крови (ОХ), триглицеридов (ТГ), холестерина липопротеидов высокой плотности (ЛПВП) и липопротеидов низкой плотности (ЛПНП) , коэффициента атерогенности (КА)).Результаты. У всех больных было выявлено недостаточность поджелудочной железы по результатам 13С-ЗТДТ и почти у половины по результатам 13С-АДТ. У всех пациентов были выявлены нарушения липидного спектра крови в виде гиперхолестеринемии, гипертриглицеридемии, повышение КА. Доказано, что ожирение или недостаточная масса тела не может служить в качестве критерия определения степени недостаточности поджелудочной железы или тяжести атеросклеротических нарушений у больных ХП в сочетании с атеросклерозом. Установлено, что 13С-ЗТДТ является методом выбора для ранней диагностики недостаточности поджелудочной железы. С помощью методов тестирования, анкетирования и опроса выявлено существенное влияние модифицирующих факторов риска атеросклероза на течение ХП. В статті описано та проаналізовано вплив основних модифікуючих факторів ризику атеросклерозу у хворих на хронічний панкреатит.Мета дослідження – виявити та дослідити наявність факторів ризику атеросклерозу у хворих на хронічний панкреатит в поєднанні з дисліпідемією.Матеріали і методи. Всім хворим було проведено 13С-змішаний тригліцеридний дихальний тест (13С–ЗТДТ) та 13С-амілазний дихальний тест (13С–АДТ) для виявлення зовнішньосекреторної недостатності підшлункової залози (ЗСН ПЗ). Атеросклеротичні зміни діагностували вимірюючи товщину шару "інтиму-медіа" у сонній артерії та за наявністю порушень в ліпідограмі (визначенням вмісту загального холестерину плазми крові (ЗХ), тригліцеридів (ТГ), холестерину ліпопротеїдів високої щільності (ЛПВЩ) і ліпопротеїдів низької щільності (ЛПНЩ), коефіцієнта атерогенності (КА)).Результати. У всіх хворих було виявлено ЗСН ПЗ та результатами 13С-ЗТДТ та у майже половини за результатами 13С–АДТ. У всіх пацієнтів було виявлено порушення ліпідного спектру крові у вигляді гіперхолестеринемії, гіпертригліцеридемії, підвищення коефіцієнта атерогенності. Доведено, що ожиріння чи недостатня маса тіла не може слугувати в якості критерія визначення ступеня ЗСН ПЗ чи важкості атеросклеротичних порушень у хворих на ХП в поєднанні з атеросклерозом. Встановлено, що 13С-ЗТДТ є методом вибору для ранньої діагностики ЗСН ПЗ при ураженні ПЗ. За допомогою методів тестування, анкетування та опитування виявлено вагомий вплив модифікуючих факторів ризику атеросклерозу на перебіг ХП

Axial heterogeneity of Vasopressin receptor subtypes along the human and mouse collecting duct

Vasopressin and vasopressin antagonists are finding expanded use in mouse models of disease and in clinical medicine. To provide further insight into the physiological role of V1a and V2 vasopressin receptors in the human and mouse kidney, intrarenal localization of the receptors mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization. V2-receptor mRNA was predominantly expressed in the medulla, whereas mRNA for V1a receptors predominated in the cortex. The segmental localization of vasopressin-receptor mRNAs was determined using simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for segment-specific markers, including aquaporin-2, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, epithelial Na channels, Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein, and thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter. Notably, V1a receptor expression was exclusively expressed in V-ATPase/anion exchanger-1-labeled alpha-intercalated cells of the medullary collecting duct in both mouse and human kidney. In cortical collecting ducts, V1a mRNA was more widespread and detected in both principal and intercalated cells. V2-receptor mRNA is diffusely expressed along the collecting ducts in both mouse and human kidney, with higher expression levels in the medulla. These results demonstrate heterogenous axial expression of both V1a and V2 vasopressin receptors along the human and mouse collecting duct. The restricted expression of V1a-receptor mRNA in intercalated cells suggests a role for this receptor in acid-base balance. These findings further suggest distinct regulation of renal transport function by AVP through V1a and V2 receptors in the cortex vs. the medulla

Cryogenic Etching of Silicon: An Alternative Method for Fabrication of Vertical Microcantilever Master Molds

Seiring berkembangnya jaman, kini paguyuban tidak lagi identik dengan karakteristik masyarakat desa. Akan tetapi pada masyarakat kota juga ditemukan kegemaran masyarakat untuk menghimpun diri dalam bentuk paguyuban. Hal ini ditandai dengan munculnya berbagai macam komunitas. Salah satunya yaitu maraknya komunitas penggemar sepeda yang terbentuk atas persamaan hobi. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada komunitas penggemar sepeda gunung yang menyukai aktifitas bersepeda dengan rute offroad. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan interaksionisme simbolik George Herbert Mead. Perspektif interaksionisme simbolik berusaha mempelajari interaksi sosial individu dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol yang dipahaminya. Hasil penelitian adalah interaksi yang dilakukan antar anggota berbeda-beda, tergantung dengan siapa anggota tersebut berinteraksi. Mind dalam komunitas NCC adalah ketika anggota berpikir mengenai respon apa yang sesuai dengan stimulus yang muncul. Seperti pemikiran anggota pengguna sepeda gunung merek lokal menerima bahasa bullying dari anggota pengguna sepeda gunung merek impor. Anggota akan berpikir mengenai tindakan apa yang tepat untuk menghindari adanya bahasa bullying tersebut. Sehingga anggota mulai berpikir untuk beralih menggunakan sepeda gunung merek impor sebagai bentuk penyesuaian diri terhadap lingkungan sosialnya. Self anggota adalah ketika anggota menempatkan diri mereka sebagai subyek (I) atau obyek (Me). Perilaku “I” ditunjukkan dengan perilaku anggota senior yang lebih bersifat spontanitas ketika berinteraksi dengan anggota junior. Sedangkan perilaku “Me” memuat suatu kesadaran dan tanggung jawab. Sehingga perilaku anggota akan lebih dibatasi oleh norma-norma yang berlaku misalnya sopan santun. Seperti perilaku anggota junior yang lebih menempatkan dirinya sebagai anggota yang selalu menghormati keberadaan anggota senior, bagaimanapun ia diperlakukan. Kata Kunci: Interaksi Simbolik, Komunikasi, Komunita

CARP, a cardiac ankyrin repeat protein, is up-regulated during wound healing and induces angiogenesis in experimental granulation tissue

Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) was identified by subtractive hybridization as one of a group of genes that are rapidly modulated by acute wounding of mouse skin. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CARP was strongly induced during the first day after wounding (157.1-fold), and the high level persisted for up to 14 days. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that CARP was expressed in skeletal muscle, vessel wall, hair follicle, inflammatory cells, and epidermis in the wound area. To examine the effects of CARP on wound healing, we developed an adenoviral CARP vector to treat subcutaneously implanted sponges. in either rats or Flk-1(LacZ) knock-in mice. Four days after infection, CARP-infected sponges in rats showed a remarkable increase in the vascular component in granulation tissue as compared to Ad-LacZ controls. This result was confirmed by CD34 immunostaining. By 7 days post-infection of sponge implants in Flk-1(LacZ) knock-in mice, granulation tissue showed many more LacZ-positive cells in Ad-CARP-infected sponges than in virus controls. Ad-CARP treatment also induced neovascularization and increased blood perfusion in rabbit excisional wounds in and ischemic rat wounds. These findings indicate that CARP could play a unique role in therapeutic angiogenesis during wound healing

Estrogen regulates the expression of retinoic acid synthesis enzymes and binding proteins in mouse skin.

Topical 17-beta-estradiol (E2) regulates the hair cycle, hair shaft differentiation, and sebum production. Vitamin A also regulates sebum production. Vitamin A metabolism proteins localized to the pilosebaceous unit (PSU; hair follicle and sebaceous gland); and were regulated by E2 in other tissues. This study tests the hypothesis that E2 also regulates vitamin A metabolism in the PSU. First, aromatase and estrogen receptors localized to similar sites as retinoid metabolism proteins during mid-anagen. Next, female and male wax stripped C57BL/6J mice were topically treated with E2, the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI), letrozole, E2 plus letrozole, or vehicle control (acetone) during mid-anagen. E2 or one of its inhibitors regulated most of the vitamin A metabolism genes and proteins examined in a sex-dependent manner. Most components were higher in females and reduced with ICI in females. ICI reductions occurred in the premedulla, sebaceous gland, and epidermis. Reduced E2 also reduced RA receptors in the sebaceous gland and bulge in females. However, reduced E2 increased the number of retinal dehydrogenase 2 positive hair follicle associated dermal dendritic cells in males. These results suggest that estrogen regulates vitamin A metabolism in the skin. Interactions between E2 and vitamin A have implications in acne treatment, hair loss, and skin immunity