Hochdrucksynthese und Experimente zur Einkristallzüchtung der Spin-Leiter-Verbindungen SrCu 2 O 3 und Sr 2 Cu 3 O 5

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und der Einkristallzüchtung der beiden Spin-Leiter-Verbindungen SrCu203 und Sr2Cu3O5 unter hohem Druck. Zunächst wird in einer Reihe von Versuchen ein geeignetes Tiegelmaterial ermittelt. Dabei stellen sich eine Doppeltiegelkonstuktion mit einem einkristallinen Magnesiumoxid-Innentiegel und einem verschweißbaren äußeren Platintiegel als beste Materialkombination heraus. Die Standzeit eines Versuchs lässt sich hiermit von den in der Literatur üblichen 30 Minuten um das 50 bis 100-fache verlängern. Durch Verwendung dieser Tiegelkombination können erstmals Züchtungsexperimente von SrCu203 und Sr2Cu305 aus der Schmelze erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Für beide Zusammensetzungen konnten Kristalle mit Kantenlängen bis zu 2 mm hergestellt werden. Die besten Wachstumsbedingungen für SrCu203 liegen zwischen 3 und 5 GPa und zwischen 1400°C und etwa 1200°C. Diese Bedingungen wurden für stöchiometrische und auf etwa 70% Cu0 erhöhte Einwaagenzusammensetzungen ermittelt. Für Sr2Cu305 gelten ähnliche Züchtungsparameter. Durch die Züchtungsexperimente wurden neue Phasen, wie eine unbekannte Modifikation von Sr2Cu305 und eine nicht näher identifizierte ,243'-Phase gefunden. Das Auftreten der Fremdphase Sr2Cu02(C03) war zunächst überraschend und klärte sich durch den Herstellungsprozess der MgO-Einkristalle auf. Der Einbau des aus dem Tiegel stammenden gelösten Magnesiums wird in der die Cu203-Schichten trennenden Strontiumschicht erwartet. Damit erlangt es keine Wirkung auf die Spin-Leiter-typischen Effekte. Durch zahlreiche Messungen mit wellenlängendispersiver Röntgenanalyse am Rasterelektronenmikroskop wurden die maßgeblichen Reaktionswege aufgeklärt und die besten Wachtumsbedingungen sowie die Fremdphasenreaktionen ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der Raman- und IR-Spektroskopie bestätigen das Auftreten der Struktur- beziehungsweise verbindungstypischen 2-Magnonen- und 2-Magnonplus-Phonon-Quasiteilchen. Durch Polarisationsmikroskopie und optische Transmissionsuntersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass es sich bei den Proben um Einkristalle handelt. Die thermische Ausdehnung zeigt eine deutliche Anisotropie. Die Achsen in a- und b-Richtung besitzen niedrige und von der C-Richtung deutliche verschiedene lineare Ausdehnungskoeffizienten

Raman Response of Magnetic Excitations in Cuprate Ladders and Planes

An unified picture for the Raman response of magnetic excitations in cuprate spin-ladder compounds is obtained by comparing calculated two-triplon Raman line-shapes with those of the prototypical compounds SrCu2O3 (Sr123), Sr14Cu24O41 (Sr14), and La6Ca8Cu24O41 (La6Ca8). The theoretical model for the two-leg ladder contains Heisenberg exchange couplings J_parallel and J_perp plus an additional four-spin interaction J_cyc. Within this model Sr123 and Sr14 can be described by x:=J_parallel/J_perp=1.5, x_cyc:=J_cyc/J_perp=0.2, J_perp^Sr123=1130 cm^-1 and J_perp^Sr14=1080 cm^-1. The couplings found for La6Ca8 are x=1.2, x_cyc=0.2, and J_perp^La6Ca8=1130 cm^-1. The unexpected sharp two-triplon peak in the ladder materials compared to the undoped two-dimensional cuprates can be traced back to the anisotropy of the magnetic exchange in rung and leg direction. With the results obtained for the isotropic ladder we calculate the Raman line-shape of a two-dimensional square lattice using a toy model consisting of a vertical and a horizontal ladder. A direct comparison of these results with Raman experiments for the two-dimensional cuprates R2CuO4 (R=La,Nd), Sr2CuO2Cl2, and YBa2Cu3O(6+delta) yields a good agreement for the dominating two-triplon peak. We conclude that short range quantum fluctuations are dominating the magnetic Raman response in both, ladders and planes. We discuss possible scenarios responsible for the high-energy spectral weight of the Raman line-shape, i.e. phonons, the triple-resonance and multi-particle contributions.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Surrogate Light Chain Expression Is Required to Establish Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Allelic Exclusion during Early B Cell Development

AbstractAllelic exclusion at the IgH locus was examined in B lineage cells of wild-type mice and mice unable to express the surrogate light chain molecule λ5 using a single-cell PCR approach. By analyzing B precursor cells containing two VHDHJH rearrangements, we found that in wild-type animals, cells are allelically excluded as soon as μ chains are expressed. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in cells expressing Dμ proteins VH→DHJH rearrangement is inhibited. In contrast, in the absence of λ5 protein, B precursor cells were allelically “included,” indicating that allelic exclusion at the IgH locus requires expression of the pre-B cell receptor either containing a μ chain or a Dμ chain. However, although μ chain double-producing B precursor cells are generated in λ5-deficient mice, such cells were not detected among surface immunoglobulin positive B cells

Magnetic excitations in SrCu2O3: a Raman scattering study

We investigated temperature dependent Raman spectra of the one-dimensional spin-ladder compound SrCu2O3. At low temperatures a two-magnon peak is identified at 3160+/-10 cm^(-1) and its temperature dependence analyzed in terms of a thermal expansion model. We find that the two-magnon peak position must include a cyclic ring exchange of J_cycl/J_perp=0.09-0.25 with a coupling constant along the rungs of J_perp approx. 1215 cm^(-1) (1750 K) in order to be consistent with other experiments and theoretical results.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Rearrangement and Expression of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes Can Precede Heavy Chain Expression during Normal B Cell Development in Mice

In mouse mutants incapable of expressing μ chains, VκJκ joints are detected in the CD43+ B cell progenitors. In agreement with these earlier results, we show by a molecular single cell analysis that 4–7% of CD43+ B cell progenitors in wild-type mice rearrange immunoglobulin (Ig)κ genes before the assembly of a productive VHDHJH joint. Thus, μ chain expression is not a prerequisite to Igκ light chain gene rearrangements in normal development. Overall, ∼15% of the total CD43+ B cell progenitor population carry Igκ gene rearrangements in wild-type mice. Together with the results obtained in the mouse mutants, these data fit a model in which CD43+ progenitors rearrange IgH and Igκ loci independently, with a seven times higher frequency in the former. In addition, we show that in B cell progenitors VκJκ joining rapidly initiates κ chain expression, irrespective of the presence of a μ chain

A psychological contract perspective to managing the employment relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the aviation industry

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Although the literature on psychological contracts is rich, researchers have so far paid limited attention to psychological contracts in times of crisis. To investigate how employees assess their psychological contracts during a crisis, we conducted 32 semistructured interviews during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The interviewees worked in the airline industry, which the pandemic severely affected. Our qualitative approach allowed us to gain novel insights into the mechanisms by which contracts are managed when the typical parameters of contract assessment are not possible, thereby allowing us to expand psychological contract theory. In addition to illustrating the key employer obligations that employees perceived during a crisis, we introduce two novel theoretical concepts –psychological contract credit and psychological contract inactivation–that explain how employees managed their contracts during the crisis. The practical findings of this study are of relevance to HR managers in managing future crises and addressing the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.Peer reviewe