Distribution Management Systems

Mevcut elektrik dağıtım şebekelerinin kontrolünün zorluğu, elektrik dağıtım şebekelerinde enerji verimliliği sağlanması, operasyonel maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi ve bu sayede çevreye katkıda bulunulması için enerji otomasyon sistemleri geliştirilmektedir. Bu sistemlerin diğer bir önemli getirisi de yasaların zorunlu kıldığı enerji kalitesi, sürdürülebilirlik, güvenilirlik ve sistem performansına katkıda bulunmalarıdır. Dağıtım şebekelerine entegre edilen ve birbiriyle haberleşen akıllı ekipmanlar ve bunlardan toplanan bilgilerin kompleks algoritmalarla işlenmesiyle şebekeler optimize edilebilir. Dağıtım Yönetim Sistemleri (DMS(Distributed Management Systems)) şebekeden toplanan bilgileri kompleks algoritmalar kullanarak operatöre kontrol, analiz optimizasyon ve planlama fonksiyonları sunmaktadır. Energy automation systems are developped due to the difficulty of existing electricity distribution networks, providing energy efficiency in electricity distribution networks, decreasing operational costs and thus contributing to the environment. Another important return of these systems is that they contribute to the energy quality, sustainability, reliability and system performance that is obliged by law. Grids can be optimised with smart equipments that are integrated in distribution networks and communicate with each other and processing the data collected out of these with complex algortihms. Distribution Management Systems offer control, analysis optimisation and planning functions to operators by using complex algorithms for data gathered from the network

Localization Algorithms of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), localization is one of most important technologies since it plays a critical role in many applications. Motivated by widespread adoption of localization, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of localization algorithms. First, we classify localization algorithms into three categories based on sensor nodes’ mobility: stationary localization algorithms, mobile localization algorithms and hybrid localization algorithms. Moreover, we compare the localization algorithms in detail and analyze future research directions of localization algorithms in UWSNs

Three-dimensional underwater target tracking with acoustic sensor networks

Using traditional sonar arrays may be difficult and impractical in some mission-critical scenarios, because they should be mounted on or towed by a ship or a submersible. Alternatively, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASNs) offer a promising solution approach. In this paper, a target-tracking algorithm for UW-ASNs, i.e., 3-D underwater target tracking (3DUT), is presented. The objective of 3DUT is to collaboratively accomplish accurate tracking of underwater targets with minimum energy expenditure. Based on the time of arrival of the echoes from the target after transmitting acoustic pulses from the sensors, the ranges of the nodes to the target are determined, and trilateration is used to obtain the location of the target. The location and the calculated velocity of the target are then exploited to achieve tracking. To realize energy-effective target tracking, 3DUT incorporates a new target-movement-based duty-cycle mechanism. To avoid rapid depletion of the energy resources of boundary nodes due to continuous surveillance, 3DUT employs an adaptive procedure to find, designate, and activate new boundary nodes. Performance evaluation shows that 3DUT is a promising alternative to the traditional sonar-based target-tracking approaches, particularly for on-demand surveillance applications. © 2011 IEEE

A three dimensional tracking scheme for underwater non-cooperative objects in mixed LOS and NLOS environment

Underwater positioning and tracking scheme for non-cooperative objects is of great essence to explore unknown fields. Due to the high response time and non-line-of-sight(NLOS) propagation in the underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), the existed range-based 3D target tracking algorithms are generally inaccurate on detecting underwater non-cooperative objects. In order to solve the problems above, the corresponding solutions are presented respectively in this paper. Although it is hard to change the inherent property of the underwater acoustic propagation, reducing the communication time is another way to solve the problem indirectly. Since the ranging phase and synchronize phase occupy most of the communication time, the presented novel ranging scheme for non-cooperative objects reduces the redundant time consumption, and further eliminates the necessity of synchronization process in advanced. For NLOS propagation, a distributed residual weighting discrimination (DRWD) algorithm based on grouping strategy is proposed for non-cooperative objects. The position estimations of the groups containing the NLOS link error are always distributed in isolation, and the estimations without the NLOS link errors are always concentrated in a small range. According to this feature, a low computational complexity approach namely two-step least square (LS) is proposed to determine the best location by analyzing the distribution of estimated coordinates. Meanwhile, a parameterized selection strategy is proposed first time to evaluate the construction of reference nodes in 3D target tracking. We provide a mathematical proof for our strategy, which avoids the ambiguity occurrence caused by the distribution of reference nodes. The new scheme provided for underwater acoustic tracking (UWAT) greatly improves the positioning accuracy in mixed LOS/NLOS environment. At the end of the paper, simulations are illustrated to evaluate and validate the algorithmic superiority and effectiveness