Reachability Analysis on Timed Graph Transformation Systems

In recent years, software increasingly exhibits self-* properties like selfoptimization or self-healing. Such properties require reconfiguration at runtime in order to react to changing environments or detected defects. A reconfiguration might add or delete components as well as it might change the communication topology of the system. Considering communication protocols between an arbitrary number of participants, reconfiguration and state-based protocol behavior are no longer independent from each other and need to be verified based on a common formalism. Additionally, such protocols often contain timing constraints to model real-time properties. These are of integral importance for the safety of the modeled system and thus need to be considered during the verification of the protocol. In current approaches either reconfigurations or timing constraints are not considered. Existing approaches for the verification of timed graph transformation systems lack important constructs needed for the verification of state-based real-time protocol behaviors. As a first step towards a solution to this problem, we introduced Timed Story Driven Modeling [HHH10] as a common formalism integrating state-based real-time protocol behaviors and system reconfigurations based on graph transformations. In this paper, we introduce a framework allowing to perform reachability analysis based on Timed Story Driven Modeling. The framework allows to compute the reachable timed graph transition system based on an initial graph and a set of timed transformation and invariant rules

Double Inoculation of Rhizobium and Arbuscular Mycorrhyzal fungus to Improve The Growth of Yam Bean

Single inoculation with respectively three strains of Rhizobium (Ci-1, Ci-2, Ci-3) and two strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (78-1 and 41-3) as well as their double inoculation had been tested for their effectiveness in increasing the growth of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) in a greenhouse experiment. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Bogor. The results showed that all Rhizobium inoculation did not increase the growth of yam bean. On the other hand, inoculation with two strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the plant growth significantly (4 times for strain 78-1 and 1.46 time for 41-3). Double inoculation between three Rhizobium strains and two of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi strains (78-1 and 41-3) was not significantly different from a single arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (78-1 or 41-3).Single inoculation with respectively three strains of Rhizobium (Ci-1, Ci-2, Ci-3) and two strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (78-1 and 41-3) as well as their double inoculation had been tested for their effectiveness in increasing the growth of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) in a greenhouse experiment. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Bogor. The results showed that all Rhizobium inoculation did not increase the growth of yam bean. On the other hand, inoculation with two strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the plant growth significantly (4 times for strain 78-1 and 1.46 time for 41-3). Double inoculation between three Rhizobium strains and two of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi strains (78-1 and 41-3) was not significantly different from a single arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (78-1 or 41-3)

A Case Study on Formal Verification of Self-Adaptive Behaviors in a Decentralized System

Self-adaptation is a promising approach to manage the complexity of modern software systems. A self-adaptive system is able to adapt autonomously to internal dynamics and changing conditions in the environment to achieve particular quality goals. Our particular interest is in decentralized self-adaptive systems, in which central control of adaptation is not an option. One important challenge in self-adaptive systems, in particular those with decentralized control of adaptation, is to provide guarantees about the intended runtime qualities. In this paper, we present a case study in which we use model checking to verify behavioral properties of a decentralized self-adaptive system. Concretely, we contribute with a formalized architecture model of a decentralized traffic monitoring system and prove a number of self-adaptation properties for flexibility and robustness. To model the main processes in the system we use timed automata, and for the specification of the required properties we use timed computation tree logic. We use the Uppaal tool to specify the system and verify the flexibility and robustness properties.Comment: In Proceedings FOCLASA 2012, arXiv:1208.432

From Evaluation to Verification: Towards Task-oriented Relevance Metricsfor Pedestrian Detection in Safety-critical Domains

Whenever a visual perception system is employed in safety-critical applications such as automated driving, a thorough, task-oriented experimental evaluation is necessary to guarantee safe system behavior. While most standard evaluation methods in computer vision provide a good comparability on benchmarks, they tend to fall short on assessing the system performance that is actually relevant for the given task. In our work, we consider pedestrian detection as a highly relevant perception task, and we argue that standard measures such as Intersection over Union (IoU) give insufficient results, mainly because they are insensitive to important physical cues including distance, speed, and direction of motion. Therefore, we investigate so-called relevance metrics, where specific domain knowledge is exploited to obtain a task-oriented performance measure focusing on distance in this initial work. Our experimental setup is based on the CARLA simulator and allows a controlled evaluation of the impact of that domain knowledge. Our first results indicate a linear decrease of the IoU related to the pedestrians' distance, leading to the proposal of a first relevance metric that is also conditioned on the distance

Real-Time Coordination Patterns for Advanced Mechatronic Systems

International audienceInnovation in today’s mechanical systems is often only possible due to the embedded software. Particularly, the software connects previously isolated systems resulting in, so-called, advanced mechatronic systems. Mechatronic systems are often employed in a safety-critical context, where hazards that are caused by faults in the software have to be prevented. Preferably, this is achieved by already avoiding these faults during development. A major source of faults is the complex coordination between the connected mechatronic systems. In this paper, we present Real-Time Coordination Patterns for advanced mechatronic systems. These patterns formalize proven communication protocols for the coordination between mechatronic systems as reusable entities. Furthermore, our approach exploits the patterns in the decomposition of the system to enable a scalable formal verification for the detection of faults. We illustrate the patterns with examples from different case studies

A discipline-spanning development process for self-adaptive mechatronic systems

Technical systems contain mechanical, electrical, and software parts. Consequently, they are developed by engineers of the respective disciplines. However, current industrial practice as well as existing development processes do not account for the required tight integration between the engineers of the different disciplines. Processes become even more complex, when self-adaptive systems are built. In this paper, we present a development process for selfadaptive mechatronic systems which particularly addresses the integration between the disciplines concerned with the development of software, namely control and software engineering. We illustrate the process by presenting examples from the development of autonomous railway vehicles which build convoys to improve energy efficiency

Potentieller Beitrag der Landwirtschaft zur Verminderung der Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland

In 2002, the German agricultural sector contributed 8.7 % of the total national green house gas emissions. The main sources were animal digestion, manure management and agricultural soils. From the technical point of view, the manure management has the biggest potential of green house gas reduction by using biogas technology. Thereby methane emission from manure, which otherwise had been emitted into the atmosphere, can be recaptured and used to substitute fossil fuels. Regarding the whole output of manure from cattle and swine in Germany, the emission reduction is 56 Mio. t CO2-equivalent. This amount is equivalent to 4.5% of the emissions in 1990/95 for the Kyoto protocol. Regarding the biomass potential which is technically feasible at the moment, the reduction potential growth to 276 Mio. t CO2-equivalent or 22% of emissions. This is 27.5 times more than the reduction commitment of the German industry for EU-emissions trading in the period from 2005-2012