A Study on Vegetable Export for the Economic Development of Bangladesh and Its Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Young Educated Bangladesh People

This study tries to explain the prevailing vegetable supply chain system in Bangladesh which impact on International Market linkages includes some markets, number of intermediaries, and involvement of Stakeholder. Next, it shows many limitations within the present supply chain where the issues of export of vegetable supply chain have discoursed thoroughly. Then, the influences of lack of effective supply chain linkages are discussed. The main difficulties met by the growers, Exporter, and negotiators were deficiency of money, Training, production, Packaging Knowledge, poor communication and transport services, lack of adequate storage services, lack of suitable market info, higher market tolls, deficiency of market facilities, etc. The growers and intermediaries also suggested some solutions to those difficulties. As vegetables are perishable products, the study provides an overview of the issues and solutions within the use of cargo space at the airport. The govt should take the required steps to undo these problems and thus extend the effectiveness of vegetable supply chain export marketing in Bangladesh. Here shows a proposed vegetable supply chain and policy level suggestion for International Market linkages. At present Bangladesh is in the demographic dividend. It includes a large number of educated unemployed.  This study provides a detailed explanation of how to start a new business to grow as an entrepreneur.  These people can play a significant role in the country's GDP by exporting vegetables from the country by obtaining export licenses and earning foreign exchange. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-20-09 Publication date:October 31st 2021

Muslim's Contributions in Management

Management concepts and management techniques have always been used in every step of life, either consciously or unconsciously and the practice of management is as old as recorded history. The Muslims have historically created Islamic endowments for the purpose of caring, sharing, providing, controlling, directing, organizing the community of the universe. From the initial stage of the civilization Hazrat Adam(Alihi WaSalam) who was the first prophet and leader of human civilization. The next successor of the world who's contribution in their own field in each action was imitable. The representative of the human beings such as Hazrat Ibrahim(A.S) Hazrat Musa(A.S), Hazrat Isa(A.S), Hazrat Daud(A.S) and so on were had a great contributions in their own field. Last prophet of Islam Hazrat Muhammad(pbuh) the pioneer of Muslim leaders, the greatest social reformer and manager in the world. He had a great contribution in all the parts of management. But conventional authors of management have not mentioned any contribution of Islam in management. The contributions of Islam in different aspects of management can never be over emphasized. According to the Holy Qur’an, Holy Prophet (pbuh) and companions (RA) faced lot of problems in managing the Islamic state and they solved those problems by introducing divine principles and guidance given by Allah (SWT).In this paper an attempt has been taken to discuss briefly about the contributions Muslim in Management mentioning its different aspects

Drug used pattern by self-medication among the RT-PCR positive health workers in Dhaka city

Background: To date there is no effective treatment against COVID-19. Self-medication played one of the major modes of treatment among general population as well as the health workers during this pandemic. Studying the pattern of self-medication among the health care workers (HCWs) may indicate their knowledge and skills towards rational use of medicines. The aim of the study was to assess the pattern self-medication among the COVID-19 affected HCWs.Methods: This cross-sectional survey assessed the pattern of drug used by self-medication among the health workers who were RT-PCR positive in context to Bangladesh.Results: A total of 267 HCWs data were collected. Most of the HCWs were in middle age group between 31-40 years with the mean age of 32.2±5.2. Doctors (83.9%) enrolled five times more than the nurses (16.1%). Most of the HCWs (60.3%) commenced medications just after appearance of symptoms and 27.0% went for the RT-PCR testing. Only 3.7% went to health care facilities for treatment. More than sixty percent of the respondents took medication by themselves just after start the symptoms, 19 (33.7%) took advised from the specialists and attended at health facilities 2.6%. Most of the patients (42.7%) used azithromycin as antimicrobial agent. Paracetamol was the most used drug among the participants (78.65%) followed by antihistamines (67.79%). Average number of drugs used by patients 3.1% and percentage of antibiotics per patients 42.6%.Conclusions: The prescribing practice of antibiotics shows deviation from the standard recommendation. Awareness regarding essentials drug list should be needed.

Reproductive Strategies and Population Genetic Structure in Two Dryland River Floodplain Plants, Marsilea drummondii and Eleocharis acuta

Aquatic plants share a range of convergent reproductive strategies, such as the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually through vegetative growth. In dryland river systems, floodplain inundation is infrequent and irregular, and wetlands consist of discrete and unstable habitat patches. In these systems, life history strategies such as long-distance dispersal, seed longevity, self-fertilisation, and reproduction from vegetative propagules are important strategies that allow plants to persist. Using two aquatic plants, Marsilea drummondii and Eleocharis acuta, we investigated the proportions of sexual and asexual reproduction and self-fertilisation by employing next-generation sequencing approaches, and we used this information to understand the population genetic structure of a large inland floodplain in western New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Asexual vegetative reproduction and self-fertilisation were more common in M. drummondii, but both species used sexual reproduction as the main mode of reproduction. This resulted in a highly differentiated genetic structure between wetlands and a similar genetic structure within wetlands. The similarity in genetic structure was influenced by the wetland in the two species, highlighting the influence of the floodplain landscape and hydrology on structuring population genetic structure. The high levels of genetic variation among wetlands and the low variation within wetlands suggests that dispersal and pollination occur within close proximity and that gene flow is restricted. This suggests a reliance on locally sourced (persistent) seed, rather than asexual (clonal) reproduction or recolonisation via dispersal, for the population maintenance of plants in dryland rivers. This highlights the importance of floodplain inundation to promote seed germination, establishment, and reproduction in dryland regions

Fuzzy-Likert scale based assessment of marketing risk faced by the hybrid rice growers of Bangladesh

The primary concentration of this study was to assess the marketing risks faced by hybrid rice growers and explore the trajectories. With this notion, data were collected from randomly selected 300 hybrid rice growers in purposively chosen areas with the application of a structured interview schedule and conducting five focus group discussions with the farmers. The study identified seven key risks responsible for the poor marketing of hybrid rice in Bangladesh. Perceived marketing risks were assessed by farmer's opinion on likelihood and severity of each risk source through using a fuzzy-Likert scale. According to the finding 'high fluctuation of hybrid rice price' was the most serious risk in hybrid rice marketing in Bangladesh. The regression result found several socio-demographic factors of the farmers are significantly related with perceived risk. This study, therefore, suggests government taking propolicies for hybrid rice growers organized around farmers' those socio-demographic characteristics for minimizing marketing risk

Diversity of reptile sex chromosome evolution revealed by cytogenetic and linked-read sequencing

Reptile sex determination is attracting much attention because the great diversity of sex-determination and dosage compensation mechanisms permits us to approach fundamental questions about mechanisms of sex chromosome turnover. Recent studies have made significant progress in better understanding diversity and conservation of reptile sex chromosomes, with however no reptile master sex determination genes identified. Here we describe an integrated genomics and cytogenetics pipeline, combining probes generated from the microdissected sex chromosomes with transcriptome and genome sequencing to explore the sex chromosome diversity in non-model Australian reptiles. We tested our pipeline on a turtle, two species of geckos, and a monitor lizard. Genes identified on sex chromosomes were compared to the chicken genome to identify homologous regions among the four species. We identified candidate sex determining genes within these regions, including conserved vertebrate sex-determining genes pdgfa, pdgfra amh and wt1, and demonstrated their testis or ovary-specific expression. All four species showed gene-by-gene rather than chromosome-wide dosage compensation. Our results imply that reptile sex chromosomes originated by independent acquisition of sex-determining genes on different autosomes, as well as translocations between different ancestral macro- and microchromosomes. We discuss the evolutionary drivers of the slow differentiation and turnover of reptile sex chromosomes

Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability

From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS

Keratan sulphate in the tumour environment

Keratan sulphate (KS) is a bioactive glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of some complexity composed of the repeat disaccharide D-galactose β1→4 glycosidically linked to N-acetyl glucosamine. During the biosynthesis of KS, a family of glycosyltransferase and sulphotransferase enzymes act sequentially and in a coordinated fashion to add D-galactose (D-Gal) then N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) to a GlcNAc acceptor residue at the reducing terminus of a nascent KS chain to effect chain elongation. D-Gal and GlcNAc can both undergo sulphation at C6 but this occurs more frequently on GlcNAc than D-Gal. Sulphation along the developing KS chain is not uniform and contains regions of variable length where no sulphation occurs, regions which are monosulphated mainly on GlcNAc and further regions of high sulphation where both of the repeat disaccharides are sulphated. Each of these respective regions in the KS chain can be of variable length leading to KS complexity in terms of chain length and charge localization along the KS chain. Like other GAGs, it is these variably sulphated regions in KS which define its interactive properties with ligands such as growth factors, morphogens and cytokines and which determine the functional properties of tissues containing KS. Further adding to KS complexity is the identification of three different linkage structures in KS to asparagine (N-linked) or to threonine or serine residues (O-linked) in proteoglycan core proteins which has allowed the categorization of KS into three types, namely KS-I (corneal KS, N-linked), KS-II (skeletal KS, O-linked) or KS-III (brain KS, O-linked). KS-I to -III are also subject to variable addition of L-fucose and sialic acid groups. Furthermore, the GlcNAc residues of some members of the mucin-like glycoprotein family can also act as acceptor molecules for the addition of D-Gal and GlcNAc residues which can also be sulphated leading to small low sulphation glycoforms of KS. These differ from the more heavily sulphated KS chains found on proteoglycans. Like other GAGs, KS has evolved molecular recognition and information transfer properties over hundreds of millions of years of vertebrate and invertebrate evolution which equips them with cell mediatory properties in normal cellular processes and in aberrant pathological situations such as in tumourogenesis. Two KS-proteoglycans in particular, podocalyxin and lumican, are cell membrane, intracellular or stromal tissue–associated components with roles in the promotion or regulation of tumour development, mucin-like KS glycoproteins may also contribute to tumourogenesis. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may allow better methodology to be developed to more effectively combat tumourogenic processes