A Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Token Economy System, a Response Cost Condition, and a Combination Condition in Reducing Problem Behaviors and Increasing Student Academic Engagement and Performance in Two First Grade Classrooms

Previous research has shown that token economy systems and response cost procedures are effective in reducing disruptive behaviors in classrooms and increasing academic engagement. Few studies have compared the effectiveness of combining these two classroom management techniques, examined academic performance, and directly observed academic engaged time. The current study compared the effectiveness of four conditions: baseline, response cost procedure, token economy system, and a combination condition among two, first grade classrooms in a small town in central Wisconsin using direct observation and permanent product of a three question quiz. Behaviors assessed included problem behaviors in the classroom, academic engaged time, academic performance, and student and teacher preference. An alternating treatments design was utilized in which one of the four conditions were employed each day during the math lesson in a randomized predetermined order

Coeval Dancefutures in the Nordics: Dance-as-Art after the Decolonial Turn

This paper looks at the conceptual boundaries of dance-as-art in the Nordics and discusses strategies towards coeval dancefutures away from contemporaneity as a colonial idea(l) of time. The future of dance-as-art in the Nordics needs to be pluralised for the artform to be representative of the regional demography and, as such, stay relevant. This paper proposes two research strands that can contribute to this pluralisation. The first investigates how the conceptual boundaries of dance-as-art shape the leading dance education courses in the Nordics in terms of curricula and student mass, and how these could be expanded. The second strand focuses on diversifying the professional field through artistic research in choreography as a format of speculative future fiction that can suggest new, coeval dancefutures. Dance-as-art is frequently equated with the genre referred to as Contemporary Dance, a highly contradictory term. Rather than denoting all dance forms of the present, it commonly implies a specific set of formalized dance techniques and choreographic formats derived from Western-European and North American modern dance of the twentieth century. Contemporary Dance holds a somewhat exclusive access to formal dance education, art funding as well as networks of dissemination and distribution in the Nordics. Other dance forms are often met with a denial of coeavalness by the Contemporary Dance field, hence largely excluded from the realm of art. This paper argues for the creation of structures for a large variety of coeval dancefutures through revising professional and ethical standards in the Nordic dance field. Instead of continuing to claim the defining power of what constitutes dance-as-art, those of us who currently do have access to education, funding, and dissemination need to take responsibility for challenging and expanding these systems to create a diverse, cultural sustainability within dance-as-art

Comparative Assessment of Water Quality and Biofilter Performance in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Exposed to High and Low Particle Loading

Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-BIOMAMN-HAVS

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Token Economy System, a Response Cost Condition, and a Combination Condition in Reducing Problem Behaviors and Increasing Student Academic Engagement and Performance in Two First Grade Classrooms

Previous research has shown that token economy systems and response cost procedures are effective in reducing disruptive behaviors in classrooms and increasing academic engagement. Few studies have compared the effectiveness of combining these two classroom management techniques, examined academic performance, and directly observed academic engaged time. The current study compared the effectiveness of four conditions: baseline, response cost procedure, token economy system, and a combination condition among two, first grade classrooms in a small town in central Wisconsin using direct observation and permanent product of a three question quiz. Behaviors assessed included problem behaviors in the classroom, academic engaged time, academic performance, and student and teacher preference. An alternating treatments design was utilized in which one of the four conditions were employed each day during the math lesson in a randomized predetermined order

Trombone og elektronikk : Tekniske og estetiske utfordringer vedrørende konseptet ’trombone og elektronikk’

Masteroppgave rytmisk musikk MUR500 - Universitetet i Agder 201

Dolphin-Assisted Therapy: Claims versus Evidence

The purpose of this paper is to review and critique studies that have been conducted on dolphin-assisted therapy for children with various disorders. Studies have been released claiming swimming with dolphins is therapeutic and beneficial for children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, physical disabilities, and other psychological disorders. The majority of the studies conducted supporting the effectiveness of dolphin-assisted therapy have been found to have major methodological concerns making it impossible to draw valid conclusions. Readers will be informed of the history of, theory behind, and variations of dolphin-assisted therapy along with a review and critique of studies published which purportedly support its use

Managing rapport in intercultural business interactions: a comparison of two Chinese-British welcome meetings

This paper explores the management of rapport in intercultural business interactions. It compares two Chinese-British business welcome meetings that were held by the same British company. Despite many similarities between the two meetings, both the British and the Chinese were very satisfied with the first meeting, while the Chinese were very annoyed by the second. This paper describes the similarities and differences between the two meetings, and explores why they were evaluated so differently. It argues that research into the management of relations in intercultural communication needs to use a broader analytic framework than is typical of intercultural discourse research, and that it needs to gather a wider range of data types

Håndverksølturisme og håndverksølindustrien

Sammendrag Problemstilling: Hvilke innvirkninger har utviklingen av håndverksølturisme for håndverksølinteressentene. Metode: Oppgaven er en litteraturoppgave der data og resultater er samlet inn fra allerede eksisterende forskning som brukes til å drøfte og besvare problemstillingen. Hovedfunn: Det er klar enighet mellom bryggeriene rundt mulighetene rundt utviklingen av håndverksølturisme. Det vises at samarbeid mellom bryggeriene og andre aktører som distributører er nødvendig i utviklingen av denne formen for turisme. Konklusjon: Utviklingen av håndverksølturisme vil ha klare positive innvirkninger på interessentene som produsentene, distributørene og forbrukerne. Samtidig vil det føre til utvikling av hele ølregionen, både med tanke på omdømmet til regionen, men også i utvikling av kvaliteten og øltradisjonen som er på destinasjonen.Abstract Thesis statment: What effects does the development of craft beer tourism have on the craft beer stakeholders. Method: The assignment is a literature assignment where data and results have been collected from already existing research that is used to discuss and answer the statement. Main findings: There is clear agreement between the breweries regarding the opportunities surrounding the development of craft beer tourism. It is shown that cooperation between the breweries and other actors such as distributors is necessary in the development of this form of tourism. Conclusion: The development of craft beer tourism will have clear positive impacts on the stakeholders such as the producers, distributors and consumers. At the same time, it will lead to the development of the entire beer region, both in terms of the reputation of the region, but also in the development of the quality and beer tradition of the destinatio

Identification of Host-Specific Bacteroidales 16S rDNA Sequences from Human Sewage and Ruminant Feces

The need to identify the source of fecal contamination of water has led to the development of various fecal source identification methods, a field known as microbial source tracking (MST). One promising method of MST focuses on fecal members of the order Bacteroidales, some of which exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. In order to identify host-specific Bacteroidales genetic markers, a ∼1060 bp section of Bacteroidales 16S rDNA was amplified from human sewage (n = 6), and bovine (n = 6) and ovine fecal (n = 5) samples and used for the generation of three clone libraries. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the three clone libraries revealed that the Bacteroidales species found in both human sewage and bovine and ovine feces were a highly diverse group of organisms, many of which were not represented by previously characterised 16S rDNA. Ovine and bovine feces appear to host similar populations of Bacteroidales species and these species were more diverse and less closely related to cultivated species than the Bacteroidales population found in human sewage. Species of Bacteroidales from the ruminant and human feces formed isolated clusters containing putatively host-specific sequences. These sequences were subsequently exploited for the design of host-specific primers which were used in MST studies

Susceptibility and pathology in juvenile atlantic cod gadus morhua to a marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from diseased rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss

The first known outbreak caused by a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) strain of genotype III in rainbow trout occurred in 2007 at a marine farm in Storfjorden, Norway. The source of the virus is unknown, and cod and other marine fish around the farms are suspected as a possible reservoir. The main objective of this study was to test the susceptibility of juvenile Atlantic cod to the VHSV isolate from Storfjorden. As the pathology of VHS in cod is sparsely described, an additional aim of the study was to give a histopathological description of the disease. Two separate challenge experiments were carried out, using both intra peritoneal (ip) injection and cohabitation as challenge methods. Mortality in the ip injection experiment leveled at approximately 50% three weeks post challenge. Both immunohistochemical and rRT-PCR analysis of organs sampled from diseased and surviving fish confirmed VHSV infection. No VHSV was detected in the cohabitants. The results indicate that Atlantic cod has a low natural susceptibility to this VHSV genotype III strain. One of the most extensive pathological changes was degeneration of cardiac myocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the lesions were related to VHSV. In some fish, the hematopoietic tissue of spleen and kidney showed degeneration and immunostaining, classical signs of VHS, as described in rainbow trout. Positive immunostaining of the capillaries of the gills, suggests this organ as a useful alternative when screening for VHSV.publishedVersio