EMERGING HOLISTIC PROPERTIES AT FACE VALUE: ASSESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF FACE PERCEPTION

Thesis (PhD) - Indiana University, Psychology, 2005Holistic face recognition refers to the ability of human cognitive systems to deal in an integrative manner with separate face features. A holistic mental representation of a face is not a simple sum of face parts. It possesses unitary properties and corresponds to the whole face appearance better than to any of its constituent parts. A single face feature is better recognized in the learned face context (e.g. Bill's nose in Bill's face) than in isolation or in a new face context (e.g. Bill's nose in Joe's face; Tanaka & Sengco, 1997). The major goal of this study is to provide a rigorous test of the structure and organization of cognitive processes in the holistic perception of faces. Participants performed in two types of face categorization tasks that utilized either a self-terminating or an exhaustive rule for search (OR and AND conditions). Category membership was determined by the manipulation of two configural properties: eye-separation and lips-position. In the first part of each study, participants learned two groups of faces, and we monitored the changes in the face recognition system architecture and capacity. In the second part, the participants' task was to recognize the learned configurations of face features, presented in different face contexts: in the old learned faces, in a new face background and in isolation. Using the systems factorial theory tests, combined with statistical analyses and model simulations, we were able to reveal the exact organization of the mental processes underlying face perception. The findings supported a view that holism is an emergent property which develops with learning. Overall, processing exhibited a parallel architecture with positive interdependency between features in both the OR and AND conditions. We also found that face units are better recognized in the learned face condition than in both the new face context and isolation conditions. We showed that faces are recognized not as a set of independent face features, but as whole units. We revealed that the cognitive mechanism of positive dependence between face features is responsible for forming holistic faces, and provided a simulation that produced behaviors similar to the experimental observations

PENGARUH KINERJA KEUANGAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN KOSMETIK YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI

Perusahaan dapat dikatakan sehat apabila perusahaan dapat bertahan dalam kondisi ekonomi yang sulit, yang terlihat dari kemampuannya dalam memenuhi kewajiban-kewajiban keuangan dan melaksanakan operasinya dengan stabil serta dapat menjaga kontinuitas perkembangan usahanya dari waktu ke wiktu dan menghasilkan perubahan laba yang positif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengáruh kinerja keuangan terhadap pcrubahan laba pada perusahaan kosmetik yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2015-2020. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampel jenuh. Terpilih menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini adala 6 (enam) perusahaan kosmetik Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda, dengan bantuan program Statistical Program For Social Science (SPSS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa curent assets (CA) berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan, debt to equity (DER)berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan, dan total assets turn over (TATO) berpengaruh negatif signifikan serta return on equity (ROE) berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap perubahan lab

Double Jeopardy in Inferring Cognitive Processes

Inferences we make about underlying cognitive processes can be jeopardized in two ways due to problematic forms of aggregation. First, averaging across individuals is typically considered a very useful tool for removing random variability. The threat is that averaging across subjects leads to averaging across different cognitive strategies, thus harming our inferences. The second threat comes from the construction of inadequate research designs possessing a low diagnostic accuracy of cognitive processes. For that reason we introduced the systems factorial technology (SFT), which has primarily been designed to make inferences about underlying processing order (serial, parallel, coactive), stopping rule (terminating, exhaustive), and process dependency. SFT proposes that the minimal research design complexity to learn about n number of cognitive processes should be equal to 2n. In addition, SFT proposes that (a) each cognitive process should be controlled by a separate experimental factor, and (b) The saliency levels of all factors should be combined in a full factorial design. In the current study, the author cross combined the levels of jeopardies in a 2 × 2 analysis, leading to four different analysis conditions. The results indicate a decline in the diagnostic accuracy of inferences made about cognitive processes due to the presence of each jeopardy in isolation and when combined. The results warrant the development of more individual subject analyses and the utilization of full-factorial (SFT) experimental designs

Survivor interaction contrast wiggle predictions of parallel and serial models for an arbitrary number of processes

h i g h l i g h t s • We explore the precise behavior of the serial exhaustive SIC function for n = 2. • We provide a generalization of the SIC function to an arbitrary number of processes. • We analyze the generalized SIC for both parallel and serial models with minimum and maximum time stopping rules. • We demonstrate application of the theorems to data from a short-term memory search task. a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Available online 21 December 2013 Keywords: Survivor interaction contrast Human information processing Logarithmic concavity Multi-processes a b s t r a c t The Survivor Interaction Contrast (SIC) is a distribution-free measure for assessing the fundamental properties of human information processing such as architecture (i.e., serial or parallel) and stopping rule (i.e., minimum time or maximum time). Despite its demonstrated utility, there are some vital gaps in our knowledge: first, the shape of the serial maximum time SIC is theoretically unclear, although the one 0-crossing negative-to-positive signature has been found repeatedly in the simulations. Second, the theories of SIC have been restricted to two-process cases, which restrict the applications to a limited class of models and data sets. In this paper, we first prove that in the two-process case, a mild condition known as strictly log-concavity is sufficient as a guarantor of a single 0-crossing of the serial maximum time SIC. We then extend the definition of SIC to an arbitrary number of processes, and develop implicated methodology of SIC in its generalized form, again in a distribution-free manner, for both parallel and serial models in conjunction with both the minimum time and maximum time stopping rules. We conclude the paper by demonstrating application of the theorems to data from a short-term memory search task. Published by Elsevier Inc

Stochastic accumulation of feature information in perception and memory

It is now well established that the time course of perceptual processing influences the first second or so of performance in a wide variety of cognitive tasks. Over the last20 years, there has been a shift from modeling the speed at which a display is processed, to modeling the speed at which different features of the display are perceived and formalizing how this perceptual information is used in decision making. The first of these models(Lamberts, 1995) was implemented to fit the time course of performance in a speeded perceptual categorization task and assumed a simple stochastic accumulation of feature information. Subsequently, similar approaches have been used to model performance in a range of cognitive tasks including identification, absolute identification, perceptual matching, recognition, visual search, and word processing, again assuming a simple stochastic accumulation of feature information from both the stimulus and representations held in memory. These models are typically fit to data from signal-to-respond experiments whereby the effects of stimulus exposure duration on performance are examined, but response times (RTs) and RT distributions have also been modeled. In this article, we review this approach and explore the insights it has provided about the interplay between perceptual processing, memory retrieval, and decision making in a variety of tasks. In so doing, we highlight how such approaches can continue to usefully contribute to our understanding of cognition

A Response Time Methodology For Identifying Mental Architecture In Choice Tasks

This project investigates how decision strategies are processed mentally. The current evidence so far has shown equivocal evidence concerning the nature of processes that could be used in decision making. One of the main limitations of contemporary approaches is that they are based on the analysis of choice preferences, rather than to utilize the methods designed for testing the presence of processes. To fill in the gap we introduce the reaction time methodology into the area of decision making, which was originally designed in the area of basic cognitive tasks. The systems factorial technology (SFT) is based on analyzing response times and allows identification of the order (serial vs. parallel) and amount (restricted versus exhaustive search) of processing. We applied SFT to a pair-comparison inference task in which participants had to decide which of the two objects scored higher on a criterion. Both properties allow for clear delineation between compensatory or non-compensatory decision strategies, as well as differentiation among strategies within each general class. In the classical pair comparison task, the SFT revealed distinct patterns of RT results: compensatory strategies were based on serial cue-by-cue processing, with possible termination on the first discriminating cue whereas non-compensatory decision strategies were based on parallel exhaustive processing of all cues. The SFT test and RT patterns allowed for fine-grained insights into the processing structure of decision strategies, which could not be achieved if choice outcomes were analyzed in isolation

A snake wiggle of reaction time functions to indicate holistic perception

We analyzed the underlying fundamental processes engaged in forming holistic perceptual representations. The subjects participated in a face categorization task over multiple sessions. We applied the systems factorial technology (SFT) to analyze the properties of the observed response time (RT) distributions. The key statistic was a survivor interaction contrast function (SIC). Over the course of extensive practice, the observed SICs exhibited a specific pattern of shape transformations that could be described as a snake wiggle . The observed SIC signature indicated that the processing mechanism behind holistic perception relies on strong positive facilitation between feature detectors, within the parallel mental network. The converging evidence is provided by the additional qualitative RT test (Fific, Little & Nosofsky, 2010)

A Processing Ghost in a Tank Machine

Two major contrasting models of visual working memory (WM) have been prevalent in recent cognitive literature. The discrete-slot model proposes that WM operates on the all-or-none principle: holding only high-resolution item representations stored in a limited number of memory slots. Items exceeding a storage capacity limit have zero-resolution representations. According to the variable-resources model, WM operates on the all-get-some principle: a pool of limited resources is dynamically allocated across a set of memorized items representations. WM can potentially hold an unlimited number of items by lowering their resolution. The most recent advancements in the theory have amassed evidence supporting the all-or-none discrete-slot WM model, while providing little evidence to support the variable-resource model. These findings could be use to imply that underlying neural representations need to be all-or-none. However, we argue that the aforementioned research advances have been downplaying experimental approaches that directly manipulate the allocation of resources across item representations held by WM. The results of the present study indicate that when given certain instructions, subjects in the experiment adaptively allocated a limited amount of resources and shared them across memorized item representations. The study furthermore demonstrates that the cognitive system operates under the principle of resource conservation: Allocating more resources to some item representations led to allocating fewer resources to the other item representations. In turn, each memorized item representation could show a gradual change from low to high-resolution states. The computational modeling results, conducted jointly on the reaction time and accuracy data, support the idea that a simple linear function could be used as a proxy to the underlying resource allocation across memorized item representations, very much as the water level in a tilted tank behaves. Overall, the findings can be well explained by the variable-resource model of WM, and are inconsistent with the discrete-slot and the so-called dual approaches, postulating that WM is partitioned into the two qualitatively different storages: one that allows direct and fast access to maintained item representations, and the other which allows retrieval of stored items by a slower search process. The results of the adjoined computational modeling experiment suggest that that the cognitive system can operate with low-resolution (noisy) WM representations of stored items, thus implying that neural representations do not need to be all-or-none

Kvällspressens nyhetsvärdering på förstasidan : En sensationell utveckling

Our premiss in this study is the escalating competition in the swedish newspaper market, which have become an issue regarding smaller editions for the newspapers, and some scientist have claimed that this has brought an sensational touch to their news. With this in mind, we have studied if a sensational touch is brought to the two biggest Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet’s and Expressen’s first pages. Our purpose with the study is to look into the newspapers development regarding a more sensational newsworthiness on the front page over time. The use of quotes, images and news themes is indicators to measure the development. Trough a content analysis from three different years, 1972, 1992 and 2012 we have measured the data with the computer program SPSS. Our results of the study have showed a development that confirms the scientists’ point of view within this area. We can show a significant increase in the use of quotes, images and a change of common news themes. Classic digging journalism has been replaced by entertainment and more gossip on the first page. We can therefore confirm that there has been a development to a more sensational angle in the news headlines on the first page in the Swedish newspaper market. We’re suggesting further studies within the area, among other things what this development can mean seen trough a democratic point of view, when serious journalism can’t be afford to be produced