61 research outputs found
Risco biológico no contexto da prática de enfermagem: uma análise de situações favorecedoras.
Justificativa e Objetivos: Os profissionais da área da saúde, sobretudo, os enfermeiros, estão constantemente sob o risco de sofrer acidentes ocupacionais por meio da exposição aos diferentes agentes que podem ser veiculados pelo sangue, secreções, anexos cutâneos, entre outros. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever com base na literatura científica as situações favorecedoras para a ocorrência desses acidentes ocupacionais. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, qualitativo do tipo revisão bibliográfica na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, no período de março a abril de 2014. Foram encontrados 15 artigos sobre o tema proposto, publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Entre as variáveis que influenciaram a ocorrência desses acidentes de trabalho destacaram-se: o estresse, a correria, o descuido, a não utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) e o turno vespertino. A prevenção de acidentes é uma das principais premissas a serem atendidas em atividades de risco, principalmente na área da saúde, na qual muitos acidentes são causados por falha humana, provavelmente originada de um sistema de educação deficiente e da falta de conhecimento dos métodos de prevenção e proteção. A enfermagem está exposta ao risco biológico em todas as áreas das instituições onde há contato direto com pacientes e seus resíduos biológicos. Conclusão: É necessário que um novo paradigma de educação em biossegurança seja implementado, no sentido de desenvolver competências técnicas, teóricas e éticas dos profissionais, de modo a garantir equipes que desenvolvam uma assistência adequada e segura. DESCRITORES: Riscos Ocupacionais; Agentes Biológicos; Enfermagem
Risco biológico no contexto da prática de enfermagem: uma análise de situações favorecedoras.
Backgound and Objectives: Health professionals, especially nurses, are constantly at risk for occupational accidents through exposure to different agents that can be carried in blood, secretions, skin appendages, among others. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the scientific literature regarding situations that favor the
occurrence of occupational accidents. Methods: a retrospective, qualitative review study was performed by searching the database of the Virtual Health Library, from March to April 2014. A total of 15 articles were identified on the proposed subject, published between January 2008 and December 2013. Results: Among the variables that influenced the occurrence of these accidents the following were the most important ones: stress, rushing, carelessness, failure to use personal protective equipment (PPE) and the evening shift. Accident prevention is one of the main premises to be met in risky activities, especially in healthcare, in which many accidents are caused by human error probably originated from a poor education system and lack of knowledge on prevention methods and protection. Nursing professionals are exposed to risk in all areas of the institutions where there is
direct contact with patients and their biological waste. Conclusion: It is necessary to implement a new paradigm of biosecurity education, aiming to develop technical, theoretical and ethical professional skills, to ensure that teams provide adequate and safe assistance. KEYWORDS: Occupational Risks; Biological Agents;
Nursing.Justificativa e Objetivos: Os profissionais da área da saúde, sobretudo, os enfermeiros, estão constantemente sob o risco de sofrer acidentes ocupacionais por meio da exposição aos diferentes agentes que podem ser veiculados pelo sangue, secreções, anexos cutâneos, entre outros. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever com base na literatura científica as situações favorecedoras para a ocorrência desses acidentes ocupacionais. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, qualitativo do tipo revisão bibliográfica na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, no período de março a abril de 2014. Foram encontrados 15 artigos sobre o tema proposto, publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Entre as variáveis que influenciaram a ocorrência desses acidentes de trabalho destacaram-se: o estresse, a correria, o descuido, a não utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) e o turno vespertino. A prevenção de acidentes é uma das principais premissas a serem atendidas em atividades de risco, principalmente na área da saúde, na qual muitos acidentes são causados por falha humana, provavelmente originada de um sistema de educação deficiente e da falta de conhecimento dos métodos de prevenção e proteção. A enfermagem está exposta ao risco biológico em todas as áreas das instituições onde há contato direto com pacientes e seus resíduos biológicos. Conclusão: É necessário que um novo paradigma de educação em biossegurança seja implementado, no sentido de desenvolver competências técnicas, teóricas e éticas dos profissionais, de modo a garantir equipes que desenvolvam uma assistência adequada e segura. DESCRITORES: Riscos Ocupacionais; Agentes Biológicos; Enfermagem
Atuação do enfermeiro na prevenção do Câncer de Colo de Útero relacionado ao HPV
Introdução: A neoplasia maligna do colo do útero, é definida como um tumor que se desenvolve a partir de alterações no colo uterino. É o terceiro tumor maligno que ocorre com maior frequência na população feminina. O principal responsável por esta neoplasia é o papiloma vírus humano (HPV), um vírus transmitido sexualmente. Objetivo: Descrever a atuação do enfermeiro na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero relacionado ao HPV. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa, exploratória, básica e qualitativa. Para inclusão de estudos utilizou-se textos completos, em língua portuguesa e publicados entre 2017 e 2021. Foram excluídas teses, dissertações, monografias, textos incompletos e sem relação com o objetivo da pesquisa. A busca ocorreu de fevereiro a março, nas bases de dados BEDENF, LILACS E BVS. Resultados e discussão: Foram selecionados sete artigos, havendo predomínio de estudos qualitativos, divididos em três categorias temáticas: Acolhimento na consulta ginecológica de enfermagem, conhecimento das mulheres em relação ao exame Papanicolau e fragilidades e dificuldades encontradas na prevenção do câncer de colo uterino. Os estudos destacaram que o acolhimento realizado pelo enfermeiro deve ser baseado na comunicação, humanização, estabelecimento de vínculo e confiança. As intervenções realizadas pelo mesmo podem mudar comportamentos de risco associados. Considerações finais: A pesquisa permitiu compreender a importância do enfermeiro diante a prevenção do CCU, evidenciando o acolhimento desenvolvido durante a consulta ginecológica de enfermagem. Cabe ao mesmo atuar na promoção e prevenção, ultrapassando todas as barreiras que limitam a realização do exame citopatológico
Intervenções de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico em cuidados paliativos
Introdução: Foi definido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 2002, o cuidado paliativo comouma abordagem que proporciona qualidade de vida aos pacientes e sua família, frente a doenças que ameaçam a vida, entre elas podemos destacar o câncer. Os cuidados de enfermagem, juntamente com os cuidados paliativos éde grande importância para um bom tratamento e uma boa qualidade de vida para o paciente com o diagnóstico oncológico. Objetivo: Identificar os cuidados de enfermagem, prestados aos pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos, identificar as principais intervenções de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico e sua família, e identificar intervenções de humanização do cuidado. Metodologia: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, onde a construção se iniciou através da pergunta de pesquisa ‘’Quais as principais intervenções de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico em cuidados paliativos?’’. Resultados: Da utilização dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, no total foram selecionados 7 artigos, entre os anos de 2017 e 2022, para compor este estudo, onde 3 artigos são da BDENF e 4 da LILACS. Quanto à metodologia empregada, houve predomínio de estudos com abordagem quantitativa (2) seguidos de qualitativos (4), revisão integrativa da literatura (1). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a importância e as contribuições do profissional enfermeiro nos cuidados paliativos, a descrição desse profissional para a oferta de uma assistência adequada, humanizada e com qualidade, e a importância de uma comunicação de qualidade entre todos os envolvidos
Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates
Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis).
Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019.
Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm.
Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield.
Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes.
Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests.
Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.
Location: Amazonia.
Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).
Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.
Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.
Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution
Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities
Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution
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