Prospecção de frutos de espécies nativas de interesse forrageiro: análises bromatológicas

Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar, segundo parâmetros bromatológicos, frutos de árvores e palmeiras de espécies nativas do bioma mata atlântica, utilizados na alimentação de bovinos. Foram estudados os frutos de Guazuma ulmifolia (mutambo), Caesalpinia férrea (pau ferro), Inga spp (ingá) Hymenaea stigonocarpa (jatobá-do-cerrado) e Syagrus romanzoffiana (jerivá). As análises foram comparadas com amostras de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum cv napier). Os resultados demonstram limitações nutricionais dos frutos estudados, mas que podem ser utilizados na suplementação da dieta de ruminantes. Os frutos do ingá e do mutambo verde apresentam potencial proteico e os frutos de jatobá, jerivá, mutambo maduro e pau ferro potencial energético.The central issue of this work, according to the bromatological system, are the tree fruits and species of palm trees from the atlantic forest used in the bovine feeding. We have studied the fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia, Caesalpinia férrea, Inga spp, Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Syagrus romanzoffiana. The samples were compared to Pennisetum purpureum cv napier. The results shows a lack of nutrition but they can be used in the supplementation of ruminant diet. The Inga spp and Guazuma ulmifolia (unripe)fruits have protein potencial and the Hymenaea stigonocarpa,Syagrus romanzoffiana, Guazuma ulmifolia (mature) and Caesalpinia férrea have energetic potencial.A1 Sistemas de producción de base agroecológica (Trabajos científicos).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Prospecção de frutos de espécies nativas de interesse forrageiro: análises bromatológicas

Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar, segundo parâmetros bromatológicos, frutos de árvores e palmeiras de espécies nativas do bioma mata atlântica, utilizados na alimentação de bovinos. Foram estudados os frutos de Guazuma ulmifolia (mutambo), Caesalpinia férrea (pau ferro), Inga spp (ingá) Hymenaea stigonocarpa (jatobá-do-cerrado) e Syagrus romanzoffiana (jerivá). As análises foram comparadas com amostras de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum cv napier). Os resultados demonstram limitações nutricionais dos frutos estudados, mas que podem ser utilizados na suplementação da dieta de ruminantes. Os frutos do ingá e do mutambo verde apresentam potencial proteico e os frutos de jatobá, jerivá, mutambo maduro e pau ferro potencial energético.The central issue of this work, according to the bromatological system, are the tree fruits and species of palm trees from the atlantic forest used in the bovine feeding. We have studied the fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia, Caesalpinia férrea, Inga spp, Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Syagrus romanzoffiana. The samples were compared to Pennisetum purpureum cv napier. The results shows a lack of nutrition but they can be used in the supplementation of ruminant diet. The Inga spp and Guazuma ulmifolia (unripe)fruits have protein potencial and the Hymenaea stigonocarpa,Syagrus romanzoffiana, Guazuma ulmifolia (mature) and Caesalpinia férrea have energetic potencial.A1 Sistemas de producción de base agroecológica (Trabajos científicos).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Prospecção de frutos de espécies nativas de interesse forrageiro: análises bromatológicas

Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar, segundo parâmetros bromatológicos, frutos de árvores e palmeiras de espécies nativas do bioma mata atlântica, utilizados na alimentação de bovinos. Foram estudados os frutos de Guazuma ulmifolia (mutambo), Caesalpinia férrea (pau ferro), Inga spp (ingá) Hymenaea stigonocarpa (jatobá-do-cerrado) e Syagrus romanzoffiana (jerivá). As análises foram comparadas com amostras de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum cv napier). Os resultados demonstram limitações nutricionais dos frutos estudados, mas que podem ser utilizados na suplementação da dieta de ruminantes. Os frutos do ingá e do mutambo verde apresentam potencial proteico e os frutos de jatobá, jerivá, mutambo maduro e pau ferro potencial energético.The central issue of this work, according to the bromatological system, are the tree fruits and species of palm trees from the atlantic forest used in the bovine feeding. We have studied the fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia, Caesalpinia férrea, Inga spp, Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Syagrus romanzoffiana. The samples were compared to Pennisetum purpureum cv napier. The results shows a lack of nutrition but they can be used in the supplementation of ruminant diet. The Inga spp and Guazuma ulmifolia (unripe)fruits have protein potencial and the Hymenaea stigonocarpa,Syagrus romanzoffiana, Guazuma ulmifolia (mature) and Caesalpinia férrea have energetic potencial.A1 Sistemas de producción de base agroecológica (Trabajos científicos).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Forage intake and botanical composition of feed for cattle fed Brachiaria/legume mixtures

Uma contribuição fundamental para o estudo da ciclagem de nutrientes no sistema solo/planta/ animal é a avaliação do consumo pelo gado de forragem e dos nutrientes nela contidos. Testaram-se, sob condições controladas, técnicas para avaliar a produção fecal, digestibilidade in vitro, consumo de forragem e a proporção de leguminosa ingerida na dieta. Cinco novilhos de Zebu foram confinados e alimentados com quantidades conhecidas de cinco rações com diferentes proporções de Brachiaria dictyoneura e Desmodium ovalifolium. Todas as fezes bovinas foram recolhidas e pesadas e estes valores foram comparáveis com as estimativas da produção fecal derivadas do uso da técnica de óxido de cromo. A digestibilidade in vitro variou de 7 a 10% acima da digestibilidade in vivo atual. Amostras de fezes de novilhos alimentados com dietas com 25% ou mais de capim na mistura apresentaram abundância de 13C por entre 1,7 e 2,1, mas este empobrecimento isotópico não foi observado quando a dieta era com 100% D. ovalifolium. Houve correlação positiva linear (r² = 0,97***) entre δ13C da dieta com o δ13C das fezes, mas o conteúdo de leguminosa foi subestimado em mais de 10% quando a dieta ingerida foi de 100% de leguminosa. Nenhum dos indicadores internos, como o conteúdo de lignina ou cinzas, foram úteis para prever o consumo de forragem, mas os resultados da técnica utilizando óxido crômico como indicador externo foram satisfatórios. A abundância de 13C das fezes foi indicador adequado da proporção da leguminosa na dieta.A key contribution to study the cycling of nutrients in soil/plant/animal systems is the evaluation of the consumption of forage and their nutrients by cattle. The objective of this study was to test techniques to evaluate faecal production, in vitro digestibility, forage consumption and the proportion of legume in the acquired diet. Five Zebu steer calves were confined and fed five diets of different combinations of Brachiaria dictyoneura and Desmodium ovalifolium. All quantities of faeces were collected per animal and these values were found to compare favourably with those derived from using the chromium oxide technique. In vitro digestibility ranged from 7 to 10% higher than the actual in vivo digestibility. Faecal samples from steers fed with diets with 25% or more of grass in the mixture were found to be depleted in δ13C between 1.7 and 2.1, but no depletion was observed when the diet was 100% D. ovalifolium. There was a positive linear regression (r² = 0.97***) of the δ13C of the diet with the δ13C of faeces, but if the acquired diet contained a very high proportion of legume, the legume content could be underestimated by as much as 10%. None of the internal indicators, such as lignin or ash content of the diets, were useful to predict feed intake, but the chromium oxide external indicator performed satisfactorily. The 13C analysis of the faeces was an effective predictor of the proportion of the legume in the consumed diet

Switchgrass is a promising, high-yielding crop for California biofuel

Ethanol use in California is expected to rise to 1.62 billion gallons per year in 2012, more than 90% of which will be trucked or shipped into the state. Switchgrass, a nonnative grass common in other states, has been identified as a possible high-yielding biomass crop for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The productivity of the two main ecotypes of switchgrass, lowland and upland, was evaluated under irrigated conditions across four diverse California ecozones - from Tulelake in the cool north to warm Imperial Valley in the south. In the first full year of production, the lowland varieties yielded up to 17 tons per acre of biomass, roughly double the biomass yields of California rice or maize. The yield response to nitrogen fertilization was statistically insignificant in the first year of production, except for in the Central Valley plots that were harvested twice a year. The biomass yields in our study indicate that switchgrass is a promising biofuel crop for California

Influence of limnological zones on the spatial distribution of fish assemblages in three Brazilian reservoirs

Reservoirs can have both positive and negative effects on differing fish species depending on the species concerned and reservoir morphology, flow regime, and basin location. We assessed the influence of limnological zones on the ichthyofauna of three large Neotropical reservoirs in two different river basins. We sampled fish through use of gill nets set at 40 systematically selected sites on each reservoir. We used satellite images, algae, and suspended solids concentrations to classify those sites as lacustrine or riverine. We observed significant differences in assemblage composition between riverine and lacustrine zones of each reservoir. We either tested if the same region (lacustrine or riverine) showed the same patterns in different reservoirs. In São Simão, the riverine zone produced greater abundances of native species, long-distance migratory species, diversity, and richness, whereas the lacustrine zone supported greater total and non-native species abundances. Conversely, in Três Marias, the riverine zone supported greater total and non-native species abundances, whereas the others traits evaluated did not differ significantly between zones. Only lacustrine sites occurred in Volta Grande Reservoir. The same zones in the three reservoirs usually had significantly different patterns in the traits evaluated. The differences in spatial patterns observed between reservoirs could be explained partly by the differing morphologies (complex versus linear), the differential influence of tributaries of each reservoir and basin positions (presence or absence of upstream dams) of the reservoirs.Keywords: fish assemblages, upper São Francisco Basin, Upper Paraná Basin, dam effects, zonatio

Utilização de cartelas pictográficas na administração de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos: teste de legibilidade

This survey evaluates the legibility of a set of pictographic cards developed to direct the administration of antihypertensive drugs for individuals treated by the Strategy of Family Health, in the town of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. It is a cross sectional study, descriptive with a quantitative approach carried out with fifty hypertensive individuals, who participated in phase 1 of the survey “Systemic Arterial Hypertension: behavioral practices and social representations of patients with regard to the disease and its treatment”. Using a questionnaire with staggered questions, in conformity with a Likert scale of 5 graduations, 6 cards with the following characteristics were evaluated: clarity, coherence and adherence. Though all reached the mark ≥ 2.5 for clarity, only the cards 1 and 2 reached this mark also for the characteristic coherence and adherence, answering to the minimum criteria of legibility. In conclusion, these two cards are legible, according to the ISO criteria. Yet, in relation to cards 3, 4, 5 and 6 it was observed that the bigger number of pictographic elements inserted into them increased its complexity, so that the results obtained from the collection of data did not answer the established criteria. These need to be reformulated and submitted to a new legibility test.Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la legibilidad del conjunto de tarjetas pictográficas desarrolladas para orientar la administración de medicamentos antihipertensivos en individuos atendidos por la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, en Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado con 50 hipertensos que participaron en la fase 1 de la investigación “Hipertensión arterial sistémica: prácticas conductuales y representaciones sociales de los pacientes sobre la enfermedad y su tratamiento”. Mediante un cuestionario con respuestas escaladas de acuerdo con una escala Likert de cinco graduaciones, se evaluaron 6 fichas en las dimensiones: claridad, coherencia y cohesión. Si bien todos obtuvieron una puntuación ≥ 2,5 en la dimensión de claridad, solo las tarjetas 1 y 2 también lograron esta puntuación en las dimensiones de coherencia y cohesión, cumpliendo los criterios mínimos de legibilidad. Se concluye que estas dos tarjetas son legibles, según criterios ISO. En relación a las fichas 3, 4, 5 y 6, se observó que al mayor número de elementos pictográficos insertados en ellas aumentaba su complejidad, provocando que los resultados obtenidos de la recolección de datos no cumplieran con los criterios establecidos. Estos deben reformularse y someterse a una nueva prueba de legibilidad.Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a legibilidade do conjunto de cartelas pictográficas desenvolvidas para orientação da administração de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos em indivíduos assistidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família, de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 50 indivíduos hipertensos que participaram da fase 1 da pesquisa “Hipertensão arterial sistêmica: práticas comportamentais e representações sociais de pacientes a respeito da doença e seu tratamento”. Utilizando-se de um questionário com respostas escalonadas em conformidade com uma escala Likert de cinco graduações, foram avaliadas 6 cartelas nas dimensões: clareza, coerência e coesão. Embora todas tenham alcançado nota ≥ 2,5 na dimensão clareza, apenas as cartelas 1 e 2 alcançaram esta nota também nas dimensões coerência e coesão, atendendo aos critérios mínimos de legibilidade. Conclui-se que estas duas cartelas são legíveis, segundo os critérios da ISO. Já em relação as cartelas 3, 4, 5 e 6 foi observado que o maior número de elementos pictográficos nelas inseridos, elevaram sua complexidade fazendo com que os resultados obtidos a partir da coleta de dados não atendessem aos critérios estabelecidos. Estas devem ser reformuladas e submetidas a novo teste de legibilidade

Fixação biológica de nitrogênio e fertilizantes nitrogenados no balanço de nitrogênio em soja, milho e algodão

The subject of this work was to evaluate the effect of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean, and the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) by maize and cotton, on the N balance of an Oxisol (Typic Haplorthox) under no-tillage, in Dourados, MS. The study was carried out for two consecutive years, focusing the summer crops. The BNF contribution to soybean was evaluated by the 15N natural abundance technique. The NFUE was evaluated by the substitution of conventional N fertilizers used for maize and cotton crops by 15N enriched ones. In the first year, both crops were fertilized with 115 kg N ha-1 split in three doses; only plant aerial parts were evaluated. In the second year, only the maize crop was evaluated and received 70 kg ha-1 N, as a dressing fertilization at 29 DAE. In that year, the aerial part of maize plants and the soil of a 0–20 cm layer were evaluated. For two consecutive harvests, the BNF contribution to soybean was over 80%, bringing about high yields and a positive N balance to the soil. In the first year, NFUE for aerial parts of maize and cotton were 48 and 61%, respectively. In the second year, NFUE for maize was 46%, and the soil layer of 0–20 cm also retained 24% of de N fertilizer applied. For the yield levels of maize and cotton, the fertilizer management results in negative N balances to the soil.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) da cultura da soja, e a eficiência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados (EUFN) pelas culturas de milho e algodão, no balanço de N de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantio direto, em Dourados, MS. O estudo foi feito em dois anos, concentrando-se nas safras de verão. A contribuição da FBN para a soja foi avaliada pela técnica de abundância natural de 15N. A EUFN foi avaliada mediante a substituição dos fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais pelos enriquecidos com 15N, nas culturas do milho e algodão. No primeiro ano, foram adicionados 115 kg ha-1 de N, de forma parcelada, para ambas as culturas; somente a parte aérea das plantas foi avaliada. No segundo ano, somente a cultura do milho foi avaliada, tendo recebido 70 kg ha-1 de N aos 29 DAE. Nesse ano, além da parte aérea do milho, amostrou-se também o solo, na profundidade de 0–20 cm. Nos dois anos de avaliação, a FBN foi superior a 80% do N nas plantas de soja, o que resultou em alta produtividade e em balanço positivo de N para o solo. A EUFN na parte aérea de milho e algodão, no primeiro ano, foi de 48 e 61%, respectivamente. No segundo ano, a EUFN, na parte aérea do milho, foi de 46%, tendo-se observado que 24% do N do fertilizante permaneceu nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. Para os níveis de produtividade das culturas de milho e algodão, o manejo do fertilizante nitrogenado resulta em balanços negativos de N para o solo

Bystander Exposure to Ultra-Low-Volume Insecticide Applications Used for Adult Mosquito Management

A popular and effective management option for adult mosquitoes is the use of insecticides applied by ultra-low-volume (ULV) equipment. However, there is a paucity of data on human dermal exposure to insecticides applied by this method. The objective of the current study was to estimate dermal exposures to the insecticide active ingredient permethrin using water- (Aqua-Reslin®) and oil-based (Permanone® 30-30) formulations with passive dosimetry. No significant differences in deposition of permethrin were observed between years, distance from the spray source, front or back of the body, or the placement of the patches on the body. However, exposure to Aqua-Reslin was significantly greater than Permanone 30-30 and average concentrations deposited on the body were 4.2 and 2.1 ng/cm2, respectively. The greater deposition of Aqua-Reslin is most likely due to the higher density of the water-based formulation which causes it to settle out faster than the lighter oil-based formulation of Permanone 30-30. The estimated average absorbed dermal exposure for permethrin from Aqua-Reslin and Permanone 30-30 was 0.00009 and 0.00005 mg/kg body weight, respectively. We also found that ground deposition of ULV insecticides can be used as a surrogate for estimating dermal exposure. The estimated exposures support the findings of previous risk assessments that exposure to ULV applications used for mosquito management are below regulatory levels of concern

Acute kidney disease and renal recovery : consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup

Consensus definitions have been reached for both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and these definitions are now routinely used in research and clinical practice. The KDIGO guideline defines AKI as an abrupt decrease in kidney function occurring over 7 days or less, whereas CKD is defined by the persistence of kidney disease for a period of > 90 days. AKI and CKD are increasingly recognized as related entities and in some instances probably represent a continuum of the disease process. For patients in whom pathophysiologic processes are ongoing, the term acute kidney disease (AKD) has been proposed to define the course of disease after AKI; however, definitions of AKD and strategies for the management of patients with AKD are not currently available. In this consensus statement, the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) proposes definitions, staging criteria for AKD, and strategies for the management of affected patients. We also make recommendations for areas of future research, which aim to improve understanding of the underlying processes and improve outcomes for patients with AKD