Evolução do Estado Nutricional de Pacientes com Fibrose Cística em Uso de Suplementação Nutricional por Gastrostomia

Introdução: A nutrição tem papel essencial na sobrevida e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). O Objetivo desse estudo foi acompanhar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes com FC em uso de suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com todos os pacientes com FC e em uso de suplementação nutricional com dieta hipercalórica por gastrostomia em um centro de referência no sul do Brasil. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos períodos de 6 meses antes, no momento da instalação da gastrostomia, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento. Os parâmetros nutricionais utilizados foram escore Z para peso/idade e estatura/idade, percentil de índice de massa corpórea (PIMC), além de medidas de composição corporal. Foram obtidos dados de função pulmonar e de ingestão alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, sendo sete (70%) do sexo masculino. A idade média da instalação da gastros-tomia foi de 9,8 (3,8) anos. O ganho de peso foi de 8,35 Kg (P =0,007) e o de estatura de 16,2cm (

Pharmacological inhibition of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) induces global transcriptional deregulation and ultrastructural alterations that impair viability in Schistosoma mansoni

Treatment and control of schistosomiasis still rely on only one effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ) and, due to mass treatment, the increasing risk of selecting for schistosome strains that are resistant to PZQ has alerted investigators to the urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. The histone-modifying enzymes (HMEs) represent promising targets for the development of epigenetic drugs against Schistosoma mansoni. In the present study, we targeted the S. mansoni lysine-specific demethylase 1 (SmLSD1), a transcriptional corepressor, using a novel and selective synthetic inhibitor, MC3935, which was used to treat schistosomula and adult worms in vitro. By using cell viability assays and optical and electron microscopy, we showed that treatment with MC3935 affected parasite motility, egg-laying, tegument, and cellular organelle structures, culminating in the death of schistosomula and adult worms. In silico molecular modeling and docking analysis suggested that MC3935 binds to the catalytic pocket of SmLSD1. Western blot analysis revealed that MC3935 inhibited SmLSD1 demethylation activity of H3K4me1/2. Knockdown of SmLSD1 by RNAi recapitulated MC3935 phenotypes in adult worms. RNA-Seq analysis of MC3935-treated parasites revealed significant differences in gene expression related to critical biological processes. Collectively, our findings show that SmLSD1 is a promising drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis and strongly support the further development and in vivo testing of selective schistosome LSD1 inhibitors

CK2 Phosphorylation of Schistosoma mansoni HMGB1 Protein Regulates Its Cellular Traffic and Secretion but Not Its DNA Transactions

parasite resides in mesenteric veins where fecundated female worms lay hundred of eggs daily. Some of the egg antigens are trapped in the liver and induce a vigorous granulomatous response. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear factor, can also be secreted and act as a cytokine. Schistosome HMGB1 (SmHMGB1) is secreted by the eggs and stimulate the production of key cytokines involved in the pathology of schistosomiasis. Thus, understanding the mechanism of SmHMGB1 release becomes mandatory. Here, we addressed the question of how the nuclear SmHMGB1 can reach the extracellular space. eggs of infected animals and that SmHMGB1 that were localized in the periovular schistosomotic granuloma were phosphorylated.We showed that secretion of SmHMGB1 is regulated by phosphorylation. Moreover, our results suggest that egg-secreted SmHMGB1 may represent a new egg antigen. Therefore, the identification of drugs that specifically target phosphorylation of SmHMGB1 might block its secretion and interfere with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Evolução do Estado Nutricional de Pacientes com Fibrose Cística em Uso de Suplementação Nutricional por Gastrostomia

Introdução: A nutrição tem papel essencial na sobrevida e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). O Objetivo desse estudo foi acompanhar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes com FC em uso de suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com todos os pacientes com FC e em uso de suplementação nutricional com dieta hipercalórica por gastrostomia em um centro de referência no sul do Brasil. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos períodos de 6 meses antes, no momento da instalação da gastrostomia, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento. Os parâmetros nutricionais utilizados foram escore Z para peso/idade e estatura/idade, percentil de índice de massa corpórea (PIMC), além de medidas de composição corporal. Foram obtidos dados de função pulmonar e de ingestão alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, sendo sete (70%) do sexo masculino. A idade média da instalação da gastros-tomia foi de 9,8 (3,8) anos. O ganho de peso foi de 8,35 Kg (P =0,007) e o de estatura de 16,2cm (

Evolução do Estado Nutricional de Pacientes com Fibrose Cística em Uso de Suplementação Nutricional por Gastrostomia

Introdução: A nutrição tem papel essencial na sobrevida e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). O Objetivo desse estudo foi acompanhar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes com FC em uso de suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com todos os pacientes com FC e em uso de suplementação nutricional com dieta hipercalórica por gastrostomia em um centro de referência no sul do Brasil. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos períodos de 6 meses antes, no momento da instalação da gastrostomia, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento. Os parâmetros nutricionais utilizados foram escore Z para peso/idade e estatura/idade, percentil de índice de massa corpórea (PIMC), além de medidas de composição corporal. Foram obtidos dados de função pulmonar e de ingestão alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, sendo sete (70%) do sexo masculino. A idade média da instalação da gastros-tomia foi de 9,8 (3,8) anos. O ganho de peso foi de 8,35 Kg (P =0,007) e o de estatura de 16,2cm (

Nutritional status of patientes with cystic fibrosis in use of nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy

Introdução: A nutrição tem papel essencial na sobrevida e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). O objetivo desse estudo foi acompanhar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes com FC em uso de suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com todos os pacientes com FC e em uso de suplementação nutricional com dieta hipercalórica por gastrostomia em um centro de referência no sul do Brasil. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos períodos de 6 meses antes, no momento da instalação da gastrostomia, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento. Os parâmetros nutricionais utilizados foram escore Z para peso/idade e estatura/idade, percentil de índice de massa corpórea (PIMC), além de medidas de composição corporal. Foram obtidos dados de função pulmonar e de ingestão alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, sendo sete (70%) do sexo masculino. A idade média da instalação da gastrostomia foi de 9,8 ± 3,8 anos. O ganho de peso foi de 8,35 Kg (P =0,007) e o de estatura de 16,2 cm (P <0,001). O PIMC passou de 14,2 para 27,1 no período de 2 anos e meio (P =0,282). Com relação à composição corporal houve aumento da reserva muscular e de gordura. Houve queda não significativa na função pulmonar ao longo do tempo. A média de calorias ofertadas comparada com a recomendação alimentar diária passou de 111,6 ± 24,6% para 157,7 ± 37,86% (P =0,048). Conclusão: A suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia resultou em significativo ganho de peso e estatura, bem como aumento da reserva muscular e de gordura, no entanto não houve melhora ou estabilização da função pulmonar nesse grupo de pacientes.Background: Nutrition plays an essential role in the survival and quality of life of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The aim was to follow nutritional status of patients with CF in use of nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study including all patients with CF on nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy at a referral center in southern Brazil. Patients were followed up in periods of 6 months before the installation of gastrostomy, and then, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after the procedure. The nutritional parameters used were Z scores for weight/age and height/age, percentile of body mass index (PBMI), and body composition measurements. Data of pulmonary function and food intake were recorded. Results: Ten patients were evaluated, of which seven (70%) were male. The average age when gastrostomy was made was 9.8 ± 3.8 years. The weight earning was 8.35 Kg (P =0.007) and the height was 16.2 cm (P <0.001). The PBMI increased from 14.2 to 27.1 over two and a half years (P =0.282). In relation to body composition an increase of muscular and fat reserve was observed. There was no significant decline in pulmonary function over the time. Average calories offered compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance increased from 111.6 ± 24.6% to 157.7 ± 37.86% (P =0.048). Conclusion: Nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy resulted in significant weight and height gain, as well as increased muscle and fat reserves, however there was no improvement or stabilization of pulmonary function in this group of patients

Nutritional status of patientes with cystic fibrosis in use of nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy

Introdução: A nutrição tem papel essencial na sobrevida e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). O objetivo desse estudo foi acompanhar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes com FC em uso de suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com todos os pacientes com FC e em uso de suplementação nutricional com dieta hipercalórica por gastrostomia em um centro de referência no sul do Brasil. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos períodos de 6 meses antes, no momento da instalação da gastrostomia, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento. Os parâmetros nutricionais utilizados foram escore Z para peso/idade e estatura/idade, percentil de índice de massa corpórea (PIMC), além de medidas de composição corporal. Foram obtidos dados de função pulmonar e de ingestão alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, sendo sete (70%) do sexo masculino. A idade média da instalação da gastrostomia foi de 9,8 ± 3,8 anos. O ganho de peso foi de 8,35 Kg (P =0,007) e o de estatura de 16,2 cm (P <0,001). O PIMC passou de 14,2 para 27,1 no período de 2 anos e meio (P =0,282). Com relação à composição corporal houve aumento da reserva muscular e de gordura. Houve queda não significativa na função pulmonar ao longo do tempo. A média de calorias ofertadas comparada com a recomendação alimentar diária passou de 111,6 ± 24,6% para 157,7 ± 37,86% (P =0,048). Conclusão: A suplementação nutricional por gastrostomia resultou em significativo ganho de peso e estatura, bem como aumento da reserva muscular e de gordura, no entanto não houve melhora ou estabilização da função pulmonar nesse grupo de pacientes.Background: Nutrition plays an essential role in the survival and quality of life of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The aim was to follow nutritional status of patients with CF in use of nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study including all patients with CF on nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy at a referral center in southern Brazil. Patients were followed up in periods of 6 months before the installation of gastrostomy, and then, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after the procedure. The nutritional parameters used were Z scores for weight/age and height/age, percentile of body mass index (PBMI), and body composition measurements. Data of pulmonary function and food intake were recorded. Results: Ten patients were evaluated, of which seven (70%) were male. The average age when gastrostomy was made was 9.8 ± 3.8 years. The weight earning was 8.35 Kg (P =0.007) and the height was 16.2 cm (P <0.001). The PBMI increased from 14.2 to 27.1 over two and a half years (P =0.282). In relation to body composition an increase of muscular and fat reserve was observed. There was no significant decline in pulmonary function over the time. Average calories offered compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance increased from 111.6 ± 24.6% to 157.7 ± 37.86% (P =0.048). Conclusion: Nutritional supplementation by gastrostomy resulted in significant weight and height gain, as well as increased muscle and fat reserves, however there was no improvement or stabilization of pulmonary function in this group of patients