169 research outputs found
Polar Microalgae: New Approaches towards Understanding Adaptations to an Extreme and Changing Environment
Polar Regions are unique and highly prolific ecosystems characterized by extreme environmental gradients. Photosynthetic autotrophs, the base of the food web, have had to adapt physiological mechanisms to maintain growth, reproduction and metabolic activity despite environmental conditions that would shut-down cellular processes in most organisms. High latitudes are characterized by temperatures below the freezing point, complete darkness in winter and continuous light and high UV in the summer. Additionally, sea-ice, an ecological niche exploited by microbes during the long winter seasons when the ocean and land freezes over, is characterized by large salinity fluctuations, limited gas exchange, and highly oxic conditions. The last decade has been an exciting period of insights into the molecular mechanisms behind adaptation of microalgae to the cryosphere facilitated by the advancement of new scientific tools, particularly βomicsβ techniques. We review recent insights derived from genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies. Genes, proteins and pathways identified from these highly adaptable polar microbes have far-reaching biotechnological applications. Furthermore, they may provide insights into life outside this planet, as well as glimpses into the past. High latitude regions also have disproportionately large inputs into global biogeochemical cycles and are the region most sensitive to climate change
Characterization of a trimeric light-harvesting complex in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum built of FcpA and FcpE proteins
Fucoxanthin chlorophyll proteins (Fcps), the light-harvesting antennas of heterokont algae, are encoded by a multigene family and are highly similar with respect to their molecular masses as well as to their pigmentation, making it difficult to purify single Fcps. In this study, a hexa-histidine tag was genetically added to the C-terminus of the FcpA protein of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. A transgenic strain expressing the recombinant His-tagged FcpA protein in addition to the endogenous wild type Fcps was created. This strategy allowed, for the first time, the purification of a specific, stable trimeric Fcp complex. In addition, a pool of various trimeric Fcps was also purified from the wild-type cells using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. In both the His-tagged and the wild-type Fcps, excitation energy coupling between fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a was intact and the existence of a chlorophyll a/fucoxanthin excitonic dimer was demonstrated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Mass spectrometric analyses of the trimeric His-tagged complex indicated that it is composed of FcpA and FcpE polypeptides. It is confirmed here that a trimer is the basic organizational unit of Fcps in P. tricornutum. From circular dichroism spectra, it is proposed that the organization of the pigments on the polypeptide backbone of Fcps is a conserved feature in the case of chlorophyll a/c containing algae
In Silico and In Vivo Investigations of Proteins of a Minimized Eukaryotic Cytoplasm
Algae with secondary plastids such as diatoms maintain two different eukaryotic cytoplasms. One of them, the so-called periplastidal compartment (PPC), is the naturally minimized cytoplasm of a eukaryotic endosymbiont. In order to investigate the protein composition of the PPC of diatoms, we applied knowledge of the targeting signals of PPC-directed proteins in searches of the genome data for proteins acting in the PPC and proved their in vivo localization via expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions. Our investigation increased the knowledge of the protein content of the PPC approximately 3-fold and thereby indicated that this narrow compartment was functionally reduced to some important cellular functions with nearly no housekeeping biochemical pathways
Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ Β«ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ΠΠΠ Π§ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΒ» ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠ£Π§ΠΠΠΠ Π’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ« ΠΠΠΠΠ€ΠΠΠ Π‘ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a rare neurological disorder, usually appears as a result of the pons cerebellar damage, mostly after the brain stroke. Locked-in syndrome is characterized by the paralysis of skeletal muscles (respiratory, facial, pharyngeal, lingual and muscles of the extremities). Patient is unable to speak and breath, facial expressions and voluntary movements are also impossible. Acromegaly is a disease that can be described by the increase of the growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and develops in most cases due to the pituitary adenomas. Pituitary adenoma (PA) can be treated by neurosurgical techniques, pharmaceutical and radiation therapy (RT). We present a clinical case of 33-year-old woman with PA-caused acromegaly, that developed muscle weakness, nausea, vomit and respiratory disturbance in a 2 months after the radiation therapy. Subacute comatose state was developed in the patient. MRI of the brain revealed a multi-focal lesion of the media-basal regions on both sides, frontal corpus callosum and brain stem. Differential diagnosis included an acute demyelination (SD, PML), viral encephalitis and vasculitis. Treatment included methylprednisolone pulse therapy and plasmapheresis. The consciousness cleared up, but there was no spontaneous breathing, tetraplegia persisted. Autoimmune and infectious diseases was excluded. The homozygous mutation PAI-1-675 4G/4G was found. In this case, acromegaly induced endothelial dysfunction was the pathogenesis factor of multiple cerebral infarctions and demyelinating lesions, as well as RT and its proven pathological influence on the vascular wall and the fibrinolytic system. The revealed thrombophilia was also a factor of multiple cerebral infarctions. A Potential combination of pathogenic factors in the development of cerebral should be taken into account in predicting complications of RT.Β CΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Β«Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Β» (Π‘ΠΠ§) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ Π‘ΠΠ§ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΡ (Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅, Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ), Ρ. Π΅. ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡ β Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° (GH), ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° 1 (IGF-1), ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (ΠΠ’). Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 33-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 2 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ’ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π°. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ (SD, PML), Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ° PAI-1-675 4G\4G. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΠ’ Ρ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ’
A Single Peroxisomal Targeting Signal Mediates Matrix Protein Import in Diatoms
Peroxisomes are single membrane bound compartments. They are thought to be present in almost all eukaryotic cells, although the bulk of our knowledge about peroxisomes has been generated from only a handful of model organisms. Peroxisomal matrix proteins are synthesized cytosolically and posttranslationally imported into the peroxisomal matrix. The import is generally thought to be mediated by two different targeting signals. These are respectively recognized by the two import receptor proteins Pex5 and Pex7, which facilitate transport across the peroxisomal membrane. Here, we show the first in vivo localization studies of peroxisomes in a representative organism of the ecologically relevant group of diatoms using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. By expression of various homologous and heterologous fusion proteins we demonstrate that targeting of Phaeodactylum tricornutum peroxisomal matrix proteins is mediated only by PTS1 targeting signals, also for proteins that are in other systems imported via a PTS2 mode of action. Additional in silico analyses suggest this surprising finding may also apply to further diatoms. Our data suggest that loss of the PTS2 peroxisomal import signal is not reserved to Caenorhabditis elegans as a single exception, but has also occurred in evolutionary divergent organisms. Obviously, targeting switching from PTS2 to PTS1 across different major eukaryotic groups might have occurred for different reasons. Thus, our findings question the widespread assumption that import of peroxisomal matrix proteins is generally mediated by two different targeting signals. Our results implicate that there apparently must have been an event causing the loss of one targeting signal even in the group of diatoms. Different possibilities are discussed that indicate multiple reasons for the detected targeting switching from PTS2 to PTS1
Π‘ΠΠ£Π§ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ« Π£ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ: ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠ’Π£Π Π« Π ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ£Π§ΠΠ―
Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor derived from the neuroblasts of the sympathetic nervous system, which develop in any region of the nervous system. Usually, neuroblastoma is detected in children aged 1β2 years. About 90% of cases are diagnosed before the age of 5 years. The incidence of adult neuroblastoma is only 0.3 cases per million people per year. The clinical course and biological activity of adult neuroblastoma is different than children neuroblastoma. Early diagnosis of this disease in adults is necessary for timely start of treatment and increasing life expectancy. In this clinical observation, we present a detailed description of the course of this rare disease in the 34-year-old male and literature review on adult neuroblastoma.ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ° β Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 1β2 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 90 % ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 5 Π»Π΅Ρ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 0,3 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° 1 ΠΌΠ»Π½ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ 34 Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
.
Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analyses of Silicon Metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Reveal the Multilevel Regulation of Silicic Acid Transporters
BACKGROUND:Diatoms are largely responsible for production of biogenic silica in the global ocean. However, in surface seawater, Si(OH)(4) can be a major limiting factor for diatom productivity. Analyzing at the global scale the genes networks involved in Si transport and metabolism is critical in order to elucidate Si biomineralization, and to understand diatoms contribution to biogeochemical cycles. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Using whole genome expression analyses we evaluated the transcriptional response to Si availability for the model species Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Among the differentially regulated genes we found genes involved in glutamine-nitrogen pathways, encoding putative extracellular matrix components, or involved in iron regulation. Some of these compounds may be good candidates for intracellular intermediates involved in silicic acid storage and/or intracellular transport, which are very important processes that remain mysterious in diatoms. Expression analyses and localization studies gave the first picture of the spatial distribution of a silicic acid transporter in a diatom model species, and support the existence of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Our global analyses revealed that about one fourth of the differentially expressed genes are organized in clusters, underlying a possible evolution of P. tricornutum genome, and perhaps other pennate diatoms, toward a better optimization of its response to variable environmental stimuli. High fitness and adaptation of diatoms to various Si levels in marine environments might arise in part by global regulations from gene (expression level) to genomic (organization in clusters, dosage compensation by gene duplication), and by post-transcriptional regulation and spatial distribution of SIT proteins
Silencing of the Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase Gene in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Reduces Diatoxanthin Synthesis and Non-Photochemical Quenching
Diatoms are a major group of primary producers ubiquitous in all aquatic ecosystems. To protect themselves from photooxidative damage in a fluctuating light climate potentially punctuated with regular excess light exposures, diatoms have developed several photoprotective mechanisms. The xanthophyll cycle (XC) dependent non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) is one of the most important photoprotective processes that rapidly regulate photosynthesis in diatoms. NPQ depends on the conversion of diadinoxanthin (DD) into diatoxanthin (DT) by the violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), also called DD de-epoxidase (DDE). To study the role of DDE in controlling NPQ, we generated transformants of P. tricornutum in which the gene (Vde/Dde) encoding for DDE was silenced. RNA interference was induced by genetic transformation of the cells with plasmids containing either short (198 bp) or long (523 bp) antisense (AS) fragments or, alternatively, with a plasmid mediating the expression of a self-complementary hairpin-like construct (inverted repeat, IR). The silencing approaches generated diatom transformants with a phenotype clearly distinguishable from wildtype (WT) cells, i.e. a lower degree as well as slower kinetics of both DD de-epoxidation and NPQ induction. Real-time PCR based quantification of Dde transcripts revealed differences in transcript levels between AS transformants and WT cells but also between AS and IR transformants, suggesting the possible presence of two different gene silencing mediating mechanisms. This was confirmed by the differential effect of the light intensity on the respective silencing efficiency of both types of transformants. The characterization of the transformants strengthened some of the specific features of the XC and NPQ and confirmed the most recent mechanistic model of the DT/NPQ relationship in diatoms
Draft genome sequence and genetic transformation of the oleaginous alga Nannochloropis gaditana
The potential use of algae in biofuels applications is receiving significant attention. However, none of the current algal model species are competitive production strains. Here we present a draft genome sequence and a genetic transformation method for the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana CCMP526. We show that N. gaditana has highly favourable lipid yields, and is a promising production organism. The genome assembly includes nuclear (~29 Mb) and organellar genomes, and contains 9,052 gene models. We define the genes required for glycerolipid biogenesis and detail the differential regulation of genes during nitrogen-limited lipid biosynthesis. Phylogenomic analysis identifies genetic attributes of this organism, including unique stramenopile photosynthesis genes and gene expansions that may explain the distinguishing photoautotrophic phenotypes observed. The availability of a genome sequence and transformation methods will facilitate investigations into N. gaditana lipid biosynthesis and permit genetic engineering strategies to further improve this naturally productive alga
De Novo Transcriptomic Analysis of an Oleaginous Microalga: Pathway Description and Gene Discovery for Production of Next-Generation Biofuels
Background: Eustigmatos cf. polyphem is a yellow-green unicellular soil microalga belonging to the eustimatophyte with high biomass and considerable production of triacylglycerols (TAGs) for biofuels, which is thus referred to as an oleaginous microalga. The paucity of microalgae genome sequences, however, limits development of gene-based biofuel feedstock optimization studies. Here we describe the sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly for a non-model microalgae species, E. cf. polyphem, and identify pathways and genes of importance related to biofuel production. Results: We performed the de novo assembly of E. cf. polyphem transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In a single run, we produced 29,199,432 sequencing reads corresponding to 2.33 Gb total nucleotides. These reads were assembled into 75,632 unigenes with a mean size of 503 bp and an N50 of 663 bp, ranging from 100 bp to.3,000 bp. Assembled unigenes were subjected to BLAST similarity searches and annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology identifiers. These analyses identified the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acids, TAG and carotenoids biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in E. cf. polyphem. Conclusions: Our data provides the construction of metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, TAG and carotenoids in E. cf. polyphem and provides a foundation for the molecular genetics and functional genomics required to direct metabolic engineering efforts that seek to enhance the quantity and character o
- β¦