A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the tropical Eastern Pacific

Gorgona Island, the major insular area in the Colombian Pacific Ocean, is characterized by a remarkably high biological and ecosystem diversity for this area of the world. Coral reefs are well developed and their fish communities have been described using conventional visual surveys. These methods, however, are known to be biased towards detecting larger and more mobile species, tending to ignore small and cryptobenthic species. The two main objectives of this study were to describe the assemblage structure of the cryptobenthic fish fauna and estimate the extent to which this fauna is underestimated by visual surveys.At the beginning and the end of the warm season, we compared the cryptobenthic fish assemblage recorded using visual surveys against the one recorded using “enclosed anesthetic/rotenone samples” on isolated coral colonies (N=54 beginning of warm season; N=17 end of warm season). The crypthobenthic fish fauna associated to coral colonies was characterized by small body sizes and was composed mainly by species of the families Antennaridae, Blennidae, Gobiidae, Labrisomidae, Muraenidae, Serranidae, Scorpaenidae and Syngnathidae. Conventional visual surveys underestimated overall species richness by 28-36% and number of individuals by 16-35%. Noteworthy, four species recorded during this study using “enclosed anesthetic/rotenone samples” were new records for Gorgona Island. Although both sampling methods can detect a largely overlapping group of species, the “enclosed anesthetic/rotenone samples” method was able to detect more individuals and species, including several species that visual surveys fail to detect. Although this study is the first effort to describe the cryptobenthic fish assemblage associated to coral reefs in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, our results suggest that these assemblages are an important component of the reef fish community in the region in terms of biodiversity and functional roles

Incomplete datasets obscure associations between traits affecting dispersal ability and geographic range size of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

Dispersal is thought to be an important process determining range size, especially for species in highly spatially structured habitats, such as tropical reef fishes. Despite intensive research efforts, there is conflicting evidence about the role of dispersal in determining range size. We hypothesize that traits related to dispersal drive range sizes, but that complete and comprehensive datasets are essential for detecting relationships between species' dispersal ability and range size. We investigate the roles of six traits affecting several stages of dispersal (adult mobility, spawning mode, pelagic larval duration (PLD), body size, aggregation behavior, and circadian activity), in explaining range size variation of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). All traits, except for PLD (148 species), had data for all 497 species in the region. Using a series of statistical models, we investigated which traits were associated with large range sizes, when analyzing all TEP species or only species with PLD data. Furthermore, using null models, we analyzed whether the PLD-subset is representative of the regional species pool. Several traits affecting dispersal ability were strongly associated with range size, although these relationships could not be detected when using the PLD-subset. Pelagic spawners (allowing for passive egg dispersal) had on average 56% larger range sizes than nonpelagic spawners. Species with medium or high adult mobility had on average a 25% or 33% larger range, respectively, than species with low mobility. Null models showed that the PLD-subset was nonrepresentative of the regional species pool, explaining why model outcomes using the PLD-subset differed from the ones based on the complete dataset. Our results show that in the TEP, traits affecting dispersal ability are important in explaining range size variation. Using a regionally complete dataset was crucial for detecting the theoretically expected, but so far empirically unresolved, relationship between dispersal and range size

Ceba de novillos con ensilaje de cogollo de caña quemada y maíz mas dos suplementos alimenticios

Para evaluar fisiológica y económicamente el empleo de cogollo de caña quemado y ensilado y el ensilaje de maíz, en animales para ceba, se realizó un experimento en la hacienda Santa Rosa en Palmira Valle a 980 metros de altitud y una temperatura media de 23° centígrados.Maíz-Zea may

Evaluation of pectin solubilization capability from lemon peel using protopectinase-SE

La pectina es un polisacárido de origen vegetal ampliamente usado en las industrias alimenticia y farmacéutica, entre otras, debido a sus particulares propiedades físico-químicas. En este artículo se estudia la actividad solubilizadora de pectina de protopectinasa-SE, enzima producida por el hongo levaduriforme Geotrichum klebahnii, utilizando como sustrato el albedo del limón (parte interna, blanca y esponjosa de la cáscara) y la protopectina (sustancia péctica insoluble en agua, obtenida del mismo tejido). Se evalúa el efecto del tamaño de partícula y de la composición, el pH y la temperatura del medio de reacción, usando el diseño experimental Doehlert. El pH, la temperatura y la concentración de solución amortiguadora de pH (ácido cítrico-citrato de sodio, CitB) ejercen un importante efecto sobre el proceso de solubilización de pectina a partir de protopectina, con un nivel óptimo de solubilización a pH 5,0, 37°C y concentración de CitB = 25 mM. Bajo las condiciones óptimas de reacción se obtuvieron rendimientos de 37 y 28 g de pectina/100 g de tejido (base seca) a partir de protopectina y albedo, respectivamente. La pectina extraída en ambos casos presenta un contenido de grupos urónicos de 60% y un grado de esterificación de 78%.Pectin is a polysaccharide of vegetal origin widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries, among others, due to its particular physicochemical properties. Pectin solubilizing activity of Protopectinase- SE, an enzyme produced by the yeast-like fungus Geotrichum klebahnii, was studied using lemon albedo (the inner white and spongy part of the peel) and protopectin (the water insoluble pectic substance obtained from the same tissue) as substrates. Effects of substrate particle size and composition, pH and temperature of reaction medium were evaluated using a Doehlert experimental design with response surface. Temperature, pH and buffer (citric acid-sodium citrate, CitB) concentration display an important effect on pectin solubilization process, with optimal solubilization conditions at pH 5.0, 37°C and CitB = 25 mM. Yield of 37 and 28 g of pectin/100 g tissue (dry basis) are achieved under optimal reaction conditions from protopectin and albedo, respectively. In both cases, extracted pectin shows a 60% uronic acid content and 78% esterification grade.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Refinamiento del diagrama de clases uml a oracle®9i en atom3

El OMG define el refinamiento como el proceso de transformación desde un modelo independiente de la plataforma de implementación hacia un modelo específico de la plataforma de implementación. Las herramientas CASE convencionales han experimentado problemas con este tipo de transformación, debido a la definición estática de los modelos incluidos en ellas, a las dificultades para la definición de reglas de transformación y al pobre rendimiento mostrado por ellas en la obtención de código. Las herramientas MetaCASE han surgido con nuevas capacidades para mejorar el refinamiento en el contexto de la transformación entre modelos. En este artículo se presenta una implementación en AToM3 para refinamiento que transforma un diagrama de clases UML independiente de la plataforma de implementación a un diagrama de clases UML dependiente de la plataforma de implementación Oracle® 9i. Además, se muestra el uso de esta clase de refinamiento con un caso de estudio

Supercurrent flow through an effective double barrier structure

Supercurrent flow is studied in a structure that in the Ginzburg-Landau regime can be described in terms of an effective double barrier potential. In the limit of strongly reflecting barriers, the passage of Cooper pairs through such a structure may be viewed as a realization of resonant tunneling with a rigid wave function. For interbarrier distances smaller than $d_0=\pi\xi(T)$ no current-carrying solutions exist. For distances between $d_0$ and $2d_0$, four solutions exist. The two symmetric solutions obey a current-phase relation of $\sin(\Delta\varphi/2)$, while the two asymmetric solutions satisfy $\Delta\varphi=\pi$ for all allowed values of the current. As the distance exceeds $nd_0$, a new group of four solutions appears, each contaning $(n-1)$ soliton-type oscillations between the barriers. We prove the inexistence of a continuous crossover between the physical solutions of the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation and those of the corresponding linearized Schr\"odinger equation. We also show that under certain conditions a repulsive delta function barrier may quantitatively describe a SNS structure. We are thus able to predict that the critical current of a SNSNS structure vanishes as $\sqrt{T'_c-T}$, where $T'_c$ is lower than the bulk critical temperature.Comment: 20 pages, RevTex, to appear in Phys. Rev. B, 6 figures on request at [email protected]

Chemical-potential standard for atomic Bose-Einstein condensates

When subject to an external time periodic perturbation of frequency $f$, a Josephson-coupled two-state Bose-Einstein condensate responds with a constant chemical potential difference $\Delta\mu=khf$, where $h$ is Planck's constant and $k$ is an integer. We propose an experimental procedure to produce ac-driven atomic Josephson devices that may be used to define a standard of chemical potential. We investigate how to circumvent some of the specific problems derived from the present lack of advanced atom circuit technology. We include the effect of dissipation due to quasiparticles, which is essential to help the system relax towards the exact Shapiro resonance, and set limits to the range of values which the various physical quantities must have in order to achieve a stable and accurate chemical potential difference between the macroscopic condensates.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Propuesta para el manejo de restricciones en modelos de clases usando atom3

La construcción de los modelos para el desarrollo de software se ha realizado tradicionalmente con herramientas CASE. En estas herramientas los formalismos de cada modelo ya se encuentran plenamente definidos, lo que implica que no es posible agregarles nuevas restricciones. Las herramientas de Metamodelado surgieron como una manera de solución a este problema, pues poseen formalismos propios (generalmente gráficos) que permiten la expresión de diferentes modelos, incluyendo sus restricciones. En este artículo se presenta una propuesta para involucrar restricciones en el modelo de clases de UML empleando para ello el AToM3, una herramienta de metamodelado./Modeling for software development has been traditionally made by CASE tools. In these tools, formalisms for every model are completely defined, which implies it’s not possible adding new restrictions. Meta-modeling tools emerge like a solution for this problem, because they have their own formalisms (generally in graphic environment) allowing different model expressions, including restrictions. In this paper a proposal for involving restrictions in UML class model using AToM3 (a meta-modeling tool) has been presented

Fermentación alcohólica de mucilago de café

Como resultado de las actividades de explotación de recursos energéticos fósiles se ha generado un aumento en la contaminación ambiental causada por la generación de gases de invernadero. Adicionalmente el crecimiento de las demandas energéticas obliga a la evaluación de nuevas alternativas energéticas renovables y amigables con el medio ambiente. Es así como se han estudiado aplicaciones biotecnológicas para la producción de biocombustibles a partir de materias primas de bajo costo y que no pongan en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria de la población. El mucílago de café es una sustancia gelatinosa que hace parte del mesocarpio adherido a la cáscara del grano de café, representando aproximadamente el 22% en peso húmedo del grano. Debido a su sub-utilización, alta concentración de azúcares reductores y a la ausencia de sustancias inhibitorias, se encontró altamente pertinente su utilización para la producción de etanol por medio de procesos fermentativos con Saccharomyces cerevisiae. El control de temperatura y la agitación durante las fermentaciones industriales son aspectos altamente demandantes de energía, y por tanto, aumentan el costo del proceso. Es por eso que en este trabajo se evaluó la producción de etanol en procesos fermentativos sin control de temperatura (temperatura ambiental promedio = 24 °C), y en condiciones estáticas, utilizando mucilago de café como sustrato con una concentración inicial de azúcares reductores de 32 g/L. Los experimentos se desarrollaron en matraz de 250 mL con 100 ml de mucílago y en biorreactor de 5 L con 3 L de mucílago. En ambos casos se manejaron condiciones de esterilidad y el tiempo de fermentación fue de 24 h. Se determinó la concentración de azúcares reductores (AR) durante el proceso por el método del ácido 3,5 dinitrosalicílico, y la concentración de etanol por cromatografía de gases acoplado a un detector de llama. El rendimiento alcanzado de etanol, tanto en el matraz como en el bioreactor de 5 L, fue de 33% (tomados como g etanol/ g AR consumido). Investigaciones previas realizadas por los autores en condiciones de agitación y control de temperatura a 30 °C, permitieron obtener rendimientos de 40% y 33% en matraz (agitado a 150 rpm) y biorreactor (300 rpm con dos turbinas Rushton), respectivamente. Lo anterior permite concluir que el proceso es igualmente eficiente bajo condiciones simples de operación.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Tracking data and retrospective analyses of diet reveal the consequences of loss of marine subsidies for an obligate scavenger, the andean condor

Over the last century, marine mammals have been dramatically reduced in the world’s oceans. We examined evidence that this change caused dietary and foraging pattern shifts of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) in Patagonia. We hypothesized that, after the decrease in marine mammals and the increase in human use of coastlines, condor diet changed to a more terrestrial diet, which in turn influenced their foraging patterns. We evaluated the diet by means of stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S) of current (last decade) and historical (1841–1933) feathers. We further evaluated the movement patterns of 23 condors using satellite tracking of individuals. Condors reduced their use of marine-derived prey in recent compared with historical times from 33+13% to less than 8+3% respectively; however, they still breed close to the coast. The average distance between the coast and nests was 62.5 km, but some nests were located close to the sea (less than 5 km). Therefore, some birds must travel up to 86 km from nesting sites, crossing over the mountain range to find food. The worldwide reduction in marine mammal carcasses, especially whales, may have major consequences on the foraging ecology of scavengers, as well as on the flux of marine inputs within terrestrial ecosystems.Fil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Navarro, Joan. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Sanchez Zapata, José A.. Universidad de Miguel Hernández; EspañaFil: Hobson, Keith A.. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Wiemeyer, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Guillermo. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Hiraldo, Fernando. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Estación Biológica de Doñana; EspañaFil: Donázar, José A.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Estación Biológica de Doñana; Españ