Sklavenhandel als Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit –: Geschichtskultur, Gedenken und Geschichtswissenschaft in Europa

This essay focuses on the consequences that new perspectives on slavery and slave trade as well as the political functionalising of the past are having on historical sciences, addressing the recent forms of public commemoration of slavery and slave trade in European countries. This debate is especially fostered by the global discourse on coming to terms with the past and the UN-declaration of slavery as a crime against humanity. The differing narratives on slavery from governments, museums, victims, historians and NGOs are shaping the historical awareness within European societies. The breaking of silence on slave trade is resulting in various commemoration activities, exhibitions, slavery monuments and new research institutions. Thus the need for specific attention and research in the field of politicized public history and the upholding of their scientific standards against a normative history narrative is emerging within historical sciences. Only in this way can history produce insight in the mechanisms of guilt, responsibility and historical injustice

Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista

Ibicaba Farm, property of Senator Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro during the 19th century, was the subject of studies that focused on the experience with the sharecropping system. This article intends to undertake a revisit to Ibicaba through new lenses of observation. At first, it tries to insert Vergueiro's farm in the context of the changing World-economy of the first decades of the nineteenth century, and then highlight the importance of the spatial dimension of reality in this historical context. In the following two subitems, which constitute the core of the article, an analysis is made of the protocols - especially spatial - of control of the workers, used by the Vergueiros in order to extract the maximum of labor from slaves and sharecroppers, as well as the strategies that captives and immigrants used to escape from this surveillance. Finally, a brief recapitulation of the main points exposed and some considerations about the tensions that emerged in Ibicaba during the studied period are made.A Fazenda Ibicaba, propriedade do Senador Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro ao longo do século XIX, foi objeto de estudos que enfocaram a experiência com o sistema de parceria que ela abrigou. Este artigo pretende revisitar Ibicaba por meio de novas lentes de observação. Em um primeiro momento, buscar-se-á inserir a fazenda de Vergueiro no contexto de mudança pela qual a Economia-mundo passava nas primeiras décadas do Oitocentos para, em seguida, salientar a importância que a dimensão espacial da realidade cumpria nesse contexto histórico. Nos dois subitens seguintes, que constituem o núcleo do artigo, analisam-se os protocolos - sobretudo espaciais - de controle da mão de obra utilizados pelos Vergueiro, com vistas à máxima extração de trabalho de escravos e colonos, bem como as estratégias de que cativos e imigrantes lançaram mão para escapar dessa vigilância. Faz-se, ao fim, uma breve recapitulação dos principais pontos expostos e algumas considerações sobre as tensões que emergiram em Ibicaba durante o período estudado

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Der «Hype» um den Ersten Weltkrieg. Ausgangspunkt eines neuen Narrativs über die Schweiz im Grossen Krieg?

Der Beitrag fragt am Beispiel des Hypes um die Schweiz im Ersten Weltkrieg danach, was Jubiläen wie das Centenaire mit historischer Forschung tun. Kann Forschung die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit nutzen, um neue Erkenntnisse zu popularisieren und in die öffentliche Diskussion einzubringen? Eröffnet der Hype so eine neue Phase bezüglich der Inhalte und Zugänge historischer Forschung oder bestätigt er traditionelle Sichtweisen und Mythen

Fachliches Lernen und thematische Fokussierung – éducations à als Themen in der Politischen Bildung

Der Beitrag legt dar, wie Politische Bildung die Fähigkeiten von Individuen zur selbstbestimmten und kompetenten Teilhabe an der (politischen) Gesellschaft definiert. Dabei wird die Diskussion um Kompetenzen und Konzeptionen aufgegriffen. Zudem wird erläutert, welche Prinzipien die Didaktik der Politischen Bildung als unerlässlich ansieht. Daraus werden interdisziplinäre Ansätze im Rahmen der éducations à erörtert und Möglichkeiten des Aufbaus fachspezifischer Kompetenzen diskutiert