Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2

The proteostasis network includes all the factors that control the function of proteins in their native state and minimize their non-functional or harmful reactions. The molecular chaperones, the important mediator in the proteostasis network can be considered as any protein that contributes to proper folding and assembly of other macromolecules, through maturating of unfolded or partially folded macromolecules, refolding of stress-denatured proteins, and modifying oligomeric assembly, otherwise it leads to their proteolytic degradation. Viruses that use the hosts� gene expression tools and protein synthesis apparatus to survive and replicate, are obviously protected by such a host chaperone system. This means that many viruses use members of the hosts� chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread. During viral infection, increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to high expression of viral proteins enhances the level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and induces cell apoptosis or necrosis. Indeed, evidence suggests that ER stress and the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) may be a major aspect of the corona-host virus interaction. In addition, several clinical reports have confirmed the autoimmune phenomena in COVID-19-patients, and a strong association between this autoimmunity and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Part of such autoimmunity is due to shared epitopes among the virus and host. This article reviews the proteostasis network and its relationship to the immune system in SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2021, The Author(s)

Modern microwave methods in solid state inorganic materials chemistry: from fundamentals to manufacturing

No abstract available

Supply and protected different population of Litopenaeus vannamei subadult zero foster (F0) from difference provinces Iran

Nowadays, Litopenaeus vannamei are the most important species of farmed penaeidae shrimp in the world that is rapidly replacing native species in areas aquaculture. Due to demand increase for this species culture, shrimp displacement to different areas may be associated with some potential pathogens transferred to new areas farmed. Therefore, in this study were prepared bi-osecurity conditions for specific disease-free production of L. vannamei. Thereafter, three populations (Molokaei, High health and mix of Molokaei and High health) of the shrimp various reserves were detected base on origin and genetic indexes such as: observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, allele frequency, coefficient inbreeding, genetic differentiation, genetic distance and genetic identity. On the other hand, epidemiological studies indicate non pathogens (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) recognition of different populations selected in the quarantine salon. The bioassay results showed that the average weight and length of the populations of High health and Mix significantly greater than was a population of Molokaei. The shrimp populations were stocked in fiberglass tank (five ton) and were kept separated in the quarantine salon. During maintenance shrimp of populations in the quarantine salon were evaluated living and non-living pathogens with PCR, microbiology and biochemical methods. There is not any pathogens detection from shrimp populations stocking in the quarantine salon, so the shrimps were carried over to pond for broodstock culture of specific pathogenic free

Numbers of Follicles, Pregnancy, Expression of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and Ovarian Genes in Sheep Treated with Vitamin E, L-Carnitine, and Fish Oil

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E, L-carnitine, and fish oil on the numbers of follicles, pregnancy, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) expression, and expression of several ovarian genes in sheep. For this purpose, 256 sheep were randomly divided into eight experimental groups. They were given a diet supplemented with vitamin E, L-carnitine, and fish oil alone and in combination. FBS, estradiol levels, size of the follicles, and pregnancy rate were observed. Expressions of Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Transforming Growth Factor –β (TGF-β), and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Gamma Receptor (PPAR-γ) genes were measured using Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), and ROS was measured using fluorescence microscope. At the time of mating and pregnancy, the highest number of follicles and pregnant ewes were observed in the groups supplemented with fish oil and antioxidants (p<0.01). The lowest numbers of follicles and pregnancy was observed in the group supplemented with fish oil alone (p<0.01). The highest expressions of SOD1 and TGF-β genes (p<0.01) as well as SOD2 and PPAR-γ (p<0.05) were observed in the group of concomitant use of fish oil with antioxidants. The highest amount of ROS was found in fish oil group (p<0.01), and the lowest was found in the groups supplemented with fish oil and antioxidant (p<0.01). The use of fish oil along with vitamin E and L-carnitine improved follicle function and increased pregnancy rate by reducing ROS in ewes’ ovaries as well as increasing the expression of SOD1, SOD2, TGF-βRI, and PPAR-γ genes. The use of fish oil along with antioxidants increases follicles and improves fertility in sheep

Performance, Immune Responses, and Blood Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Fed with Plant Growth Compound

Today, medicinal plants and prebiotics are known as growth stimulants and can have beneficial effects on health and performance. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant growth promoters and a prebiotic (lactose) on growth performance, immune responses, and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Seven hundred and fifty Arian broiler chicks (mixed-sex) were allocated to six treatments and five replicates at one day of age. Three plant-based growth promoters (ASRI1, ASRI2, and commercial supplement (Optifeed)) and two dietary prebiotic levels (0 and 1 kg/ton) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 3×2 factorial arrangements. The results showed that growth performance and humoral and cellular immunities did not differ among experimental treatments; therefore, the herbal compounds ASRI1 and ASRI2 can be used as growth promoters equivalent to the commercial products currently used in the broiler chicken industry. An interaction effect of growth promoter × prebiotic was detected for concentrations of calcium in the serum. Serum calcium concentrations of birds fed ASRI2 and 1 kg/ton prebiotic were greater than those of chickens receiving the commercial growth promoter. Serum triglycerides and VLDL-C concentrations were significantly lower in birds treated with ASRI1 growth promoter compared to those fed with a commercial growth promoter. In conclusion, there was no difference between ASRI1, ASRI2, and Optifeed growth promoters in their effectiveness as promoters of growth and immunity of broiler chicks

The Role of Nisin, Monolaurin, and EDTA in Antibacterial Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. and Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume Essential Oils on Foodborne Pathogens

In this study, the role of nisin, monolaurin and EDTA in strengthening antibacterial effect of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oils were tested against foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). For determining antimicrobial effects of the essential oils in corporation with nisin, monolaurin and EDTA, agar disk diffusion and broth micro dilution susceptibility tests were used. According to GC-MS analyses, 15 and 14 components were identified for rosemary and cinnamon essential oils that representing 95.1 % and 94.25 % of total components, respectively. In the case of rosemary essential oil, 1,8-cineole (24.3 %), α-pinene (22.8 %), and camphor (12.1 %) were determined as the main volatiles. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde (79.74 %) was determined as the major compound for cinnamon essential oil. According to antimicrobial activity tests, L. monocytogenes was found as the most sensitive microorganism. It is followed by S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium, respectively. In general, EDTA made the weakest effect on the MIC and MBC values of the essential oils. On the other hand, nisin made the most promising effect on the MIC and MBC values of the essential oils. In conclusion, using monolaurin, nisin and EDTA together with essential oils led to increases the antibacterial effect of essential oils against both Gram positive and Gram negative tested bacteria. © 2016 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons

Removal of Toluene from Air Using a Cycled Storage-Discharge (CSD) Plasma Catalytic Process

Abstract: Cycled storage-discharge (CSD) air-plasma catalytic process was used for removing toluene from simulated 40 humid air. The different catalytic activities of HZSM-5 and Ag/HZSM-5 catalysts were entered in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor in two-layer form. The experiments were conducted with different filling layout of HZSM-5 and Ag/HZSM5. It is found that the catalysts filling layout, wt of Ag load on the Ag/HZSM5 layer, the amount of stored toluene at the storage phase, and the discharge gas flow rate were the main factors that could affect the performance of plasma catalytic oxidation of the stored toluene. The performance was maximized when the catalyst-filling layout was 0.5 g HZSM5, followed 0.5 g 5.2 wt g/HZSM5, and the discharge air flow rate was 1 l/min. When the stored toluene in the storage phase was 77 of toluene adsorbing breakthrough capacity of the first layer catalyst, close to 100 of the stored toluene was oxidized, and so the carbon balance and the CO 2 selectivity reached to ~ 100 with no significant O 3 and NO x observed in the outlet. By optimizing the storage and discharge period and discharge gas flow, the electrical energy yield and the performance of toluene oxidation were maximized and the energy consumption was minimized. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature