A Comparison of Extant Articulated English Programs with Current Articulated English Program at Bonneville High School, Utah

Throughout the decade of the sixties, teachers, administrators, curriculum writers and text book companies have all made vigorous attempts to redefine the teaching of English. Teachers have organized themselves on local, state, and national levels to concentrate their efforts and share their knowledge. In part they have been responsible for some of the current trends: better preparation of teachers, experimentation with new methods in the classroom, and more consistent evaluation of what is taking place in the classroom-what teachers teach and what students learn

The Dynamic Effects of Political Parties and Economic Hardship on Voter Turnout

In the last 50 or so years, observers have noted with concern declining rates of voter turnout in many democracies. Explanations for these declines have often focused upon institutional factors that explain differences in turnout between countries but do little to explain declines within countries. However, the suspicion remains that more dynamic factors such as the make-up of party systems or economic effects - factors which vary within countries over time – have greater potential to better explain these declines. The first substantive chapter of this dissertation considers number of parties and polarization jointly to identify the conditions under which party systems matter for turnout. Findings show that the composition of the party system as a whole is a key determinate of a voter’s propensity to vote. In addition to declining levels of turnout, there has also been a perceived narrowing of ideological diversity in many party systems, with, in particular, many parties on the left moving towards the center. The second substantive chapter of the dissertation replaces poorly performing aggregate measures of polarization and number of parties with a novel measure of left party strength. Findings show that measures of party systems that capture left party strength have a significant and substantial positive association with voter turnout. The final substantive chapter considers the effect that the economy has on turnout. While there is a strong theoretical expectation that economic hardship should be negatively associated with turnout, results have been decidedly mixed. However, I propose that patchy results are largely due to the potentially confounding effects of economic hardship and inequality. By considering both of these factors in models of turnout, the effects of each should become clearer. Furthermore, the effects of both inequality and economic hardship are predicted to affect individuals differently depending upon their socioeconomic status. By controlling for this variation and considering both economic hardship and inequality jointly with socioeconomic status, clearer associations are uncovered. Findings show that economic hardship negatively affect rates of participation for those individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, while rising inequality is shown to negatively affect participation for individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds

Optical techniques for remote and in-situ characterization of particles pertinent to GEOTRACES

Field and laboratory characterization of marine particles is laborious and expensive. Proxies of particle properties have been developed that allow researchers to obtain high frequency distributions of such properties in space or time. We focus on optical techniques used to characterize marine particles in-situ, with a focus on GEOTRACES-relevant properties, such as bulk properties including particle mass, cross-sectional area, particle size distribution, particle shape information, and also single particle optical properties, such as individual particle type and size. We also address the use of optical properties of particles to infer particulate organic or inorganic carbon. In addition to optical sensors we review advances in imaging technology and its use to study marine particles in situ. This review addresses commercially available technology and techniques that can be used as a proxy for particle properties and the associated uncertainties with particular focus to open ocean environments, the focus of GEOTRACES

Impact potential of hypersaline brines released into the marine environment for CCS reservoir pressure management

The environmental impact potential arising from the possible disposal of hypersaline brines into the ocean as part of reservoir pressure management for Carbon Capture and Storage is assessed using sophisticated high-resolution hydrodynamic models for the first time, investigating several industry guided scenarios. Although the characteristics of some brines in their undiluted form would have a high environmental impact potential, we find that dispersion in a hydrodynamically active region like the North Sea acts to dilute disposed brine rapidly, even in a worst case approach, such that the potential impact footprint (area exposed to environmentally damaging salinity or temperature) is small, measured in 10’s of meters depending on the release scenario and site specific data such as the hypersaline water contaminants along with in-situ conditions such as currents and mixing. The method of brine disposal has a significant influence on dispersal, such that brines released nearer the sea surface disperse more rapidly, compared with release at the seabed. Hence consideration of brine release height is recommended to further limit impact potentia

Retrieval enhances eyewitness suggestibility to misinformation in free and cued recall.

Immediately recalling a witnessed event can increase people’s susceptibility to later postevent misinformation. But this retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) effect has been shown only when the initial recall test included specific questions that reappeared on the final test. Moreover, it is unclear whether this phenomenon is affected by the centrality of event details. These limitations make it difficult to generalize RES to criminal investigations, which often begin with free recall prior to more specific queries from legal officials and attorneys. In 3 experiments, we examined the influence of test formats (free recall vs. cued recall) and centrality of event details (central vs. peripheral) on RES. In Experiment 1, both the initial and final tests were cued recall. In Experiment 2, the initial test was free recall and the final test was cued recall. In Experiment 3, both the initial and final tests were free recall. Initial testing increased misinformation reporting on the final test for peripheral details in all experiments, but the effect was significant for central details only after aggregating the data from all 3 experiments. These results show that initial free recall can produce RES, and more broadly, that free recall can potentiate subsequent learning of complex prose materials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved

An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes

Author Posting. © Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Sears Foundation for Marine Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Research 65 (2007): 345–416, doi: 10.1357/002224007781567621This review provides an assessment of sediment trap accuracy issues by gathering data to address trap hydrodynamics, the problem of zooplankton "swimmers," and the solubilization of material after collection. For each topic, the problem is identified, its magnitude and causes reviewed using selected examples, and an update on methods to correct for the potential bias or minimize the problem using new technologies is presented. To minimize hydrodynamic biases due to flow over the trap mouth, the use of neutrally buoyant sediment traps is encouraged. The influence of swimmers is best minimized using traps that limit zooplankton access to the sample collection chamber. New data on the impact of different swimmer removal protocols at the US time-series sites HOT and BATS are compared and shown to be important. Recent data on solubilization are compiled and assessed suggesting selective losses from sinking particles to the trap supernatant after collection, which may alter both fluxes and ratios of elements in long term and typically deeper trap deployments. Different methods are needed to assess shallow and short- term trap solubilization effects, but thus far new incubation experiments suggest these impacts to be small for most elements. A discussion of trap calibration methods reviews independent assessments of flux, including elemental budgets, particle abundance and flux modeling, and emphasizes the utility of U-Th radionuclide calibration methods.WG meetings and production of this report was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation via grants to the SCOR. Individuals and science efforts discussed herein were supported by many national science programs, including the U.S. National Science Foundation, Swedish Research Council, the International Atomic Energy Agency through its support of the Marine Environmental Laboratory that also receives support from the Government of the Principality of Monaco, and the Australian Antarctic Science Program. K.B. was supported in part by a WHOI Ocean Life Institute Fellowship