Aansprakelijkheid voor niet-toegestane betalingstransacties: wie betaalt de rekening?

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Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

International trade in wildlife is a key threat to biodiversity conservation. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is the primary mechanism for controlling international wildlife trade and seeks to ensure it is sustainable, relying on trade bans and controls. However, there has been little comprehensive review of the effectiveness of CITES. Here, we review typical and atypical approaches taken to regulate wildlife trade in CITES and assert that it boasts few successes. We attribute this to: non-compliance, an over reliance on regulation, lack of knowledge of listed species, ignorance of the reality of market forces, and influence among CITES actors. To more effectively manage trade we argue that interventions need to go beyond regulation and should be multi-faceted, reflecting the complexity of wildlife trade. To inform such interventions we assert an intensive research effort is needed and we outline six key research areas: (1) factors undermining wildlife trade governance at the national level, (2) determining sustainable harvest rates for CITES species, (3) gaining the buy-in of local communities in implementing CITES, (4) supply and demand based market interventions, (5) means of quantifying illicit trade, and (6) political processes and influence within CITES

Shengwu-wuli-xuebao

We review the evolution of the activities of both the conservation of biodiversity and the fisheries management governance streams to identify and promote the protection of marine species at risk of extinction, particularly marine fish and invertebrates exploited in commercial fisheries. Attention is focused on the roles of IUCN, CITES, FAO, RFMOs and, to a lesser extent, national entities with the main emphasis being on developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Conflicts in the determination of marine species at risk illustrate policy and management issues where the two governance streams have been interacting directly for nearly 20 years, yet differences of viewpoint and practice remain not only in determining risk, but in agreeing what is needed to manage that risk and who should be responsible. There are consequences for both the protection offered to species considered to be threatened and for opportunities to harvest fish to provide food and livelihoods

Poaching is more than an enforcement problem

Today record levels of funding are being invested in enforcement and anti-poaching measures to tackle the “war on poaching,” but many species are on the path to extinction. In our view, intensifying enforcement effort is crucial, but will ultimately prove an inadequate long-term strategy with which to conserve high-value species. This is because: regulatory approaches are being overwhelmed by the drivers of poaching and trade, financial incentives for poaching are increasing due to rising prices and growing relative poverty between areas of supply and centres of demand, and aggressive enforcement of trade controls, in particular bans, can increase profits and lead to the involvement of organised criminals with the capacity to operate even under increased enforcement effort. With prices for high-value wildlife rising, we argue that interventions need to go beyond regulation and that new and bold strategies are needed urgently. In the immediate future, we should incentivise and build capacity within local communities to conserve wildlife. In the medium term, we should drive prices down by reexamining sustainable off-take mechanisms such as regulated trade, ranching and wildlife farming, using economic levers such as taxation to fund conservation efforts, and in the long-term reduce demand through social marketing programs