Ammonia volatilization from urea with natural zeolite

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de zeólita a grânulos de ureia e dos diâmetros de grânulos nas perdas de NH3 por volatilização e na absorção de N pelo sorgo. Formulações de ureia com adição de zeólita e ligante orgânico, nos diâmetros menores que 2 mm, 2–4 mm e maiores que 4 mm e, sulfato de amônio e ureia‑NBPT, foram aplicados à superfície do solo sobre bandejas, em casa de vegetação. A adição de zeólitas naturais à superfície dos grânulos de ureia ou à composição destes diminuiu as perdas por volatilização em 20% e aumentou a extração de N pelas plantas. A acumulação de N nas plantas de sorgo foiinversamente proporcional às perdas de N por volatilização.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of zeolite addition to granules of urea and of its particles sizes on the loss of NH3 by volatilization and on the N uptake by sorghum plants. Formulations of urea with addition of zeolites and organic binder, with three‑size particles (lower than 2 mm, 2–4 mm, and greater than 4 mm), and ammonium sulfate and urea‑NBPT were applied to soil surface on trays in a greenhouse. Natural zeolites addition onto urea granule surface or to granule’s composition decreased NH3‑N volatilization by 20% and increased the amount of N absorbed by plants. Nitrogen accumulation in the sorghum plants wasinversely proportional to N losses by volatilization

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Ammonia volatilization and agronomical efficiency of a mixture of urea with natural zeolite for rose fertilization

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de N-NH3 por volatilização e a eficiência agronômica de mistura de ureia com zeólita natural, como adubação de cobertura, em área de produção comercial de rosas (Rosa spp.). Os tratamentos foram: duas doses de ureia (60 e 120 kg ha‑1), com e sem zeólitas. As fontes nitrogenadas foram aplicadas na superfície do solo, e a volatilização foi determinada com uso de câmara semiaberta livre estática. As variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas das hastes florais colhidas foram utilizadas para determinação da eficiência agronômica dos fertilizantes. A mistura com zeólitas diminuiu as perdas de N-NH3 em 30%, em comparação ao fertilizante ureia comercial, e mostra maior eficiência agronômica, tendo resultado em incremento de 25 dúzias de hastes florais por quilograma de N aplicado.The objective of this work was to evaluate the losses of N-NH3 by volatilization and the agronomic efficiency of a mixture of urea with natural zeolite, as topdressing fertilization, in an area for the commercial production of roses (Rosa spp.). The treatments were: two rates of urea (60 and 120 kg ha-1), with and without zeolite. The N sources were applied directly to soil surface, and volatilization was determined using a free semi-open static chamber. The quantitative and qualitative variables of the collected flower stems were used to determine the agronomical efficiency of the fertilizers. The zeolite mixture reduces N-NH3 losses in 30%, compared with the commercial urea fertilizer, and shows a higher agronomic efficiency, resulting in an increase of 25 dozen of flower stems per each kilogram of N applied

Volatilização de amônia proveniente de ureia com zeólita natural

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de zeólita a grânulos de ureia e dos diâmetros de grânulos nas perdas de NH3 por volatilização e na absorção de N pelo sorgo. Formulações de ureia com adição de zeólita e ligante orgânico, nos diâmetros menores que 2 mm, 2-4 mm e maiores que 4 mm e, sulfato de amônio e ureia-NBPT, foram aplicados à superfície do solo sobre bandejas, em casa de vegetação. A adição de zeólitas naturais à superfície dos grânulos de ureia ou à composição destes diminuiu as perdas por volatilização em 20% e aumentou a extração de N pelas plantas. A acumulação de N nas plantas de sorgo foi inversamente proporcional às perdas de N por volatilização

Extinction risks forced by climatic change and intraspecific variation in the thermal physiology of a tropical lizard

Temperature increases can impact biodiversity and predicting their effects is one of the main challenges facing global climate-change research. Ectotherms are sensitive to temperature change and, although predictions indicate that tropical species are highly vulnerable to global warming, they remain one of the least studied groups with respect to the extent of physiological variation and local extinction risks. We model the extinction risks for a tropical heliothermic teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata) integrating previously obtained information on intraspecific phylogeographic structure, eco-physiological traits and contemporary species distributions in the Amazon rainforest and its ecotone to the Cerrado savannah. We also investigated how thermal-biology traits vary throughout the species' geographic range and the consequences of such variation for lineage vulnerability. We show substantial variation in thermal tolerance of individuals among thermally distinct sites. Thermal critical limits were highly correlated with operative environmental temperatures. Our physiological/climatic model predicted relative extinction risks for local populations within clades of K. calcarata for 2050 ranging between 26.1% and 70.8%, while for 2070, extinction risks ranged from 52.8% to 92.8%. Our results support the hypothesis that tropical-lizard taxa are at high risk of local extinction caused by increasing temperatures. However, the thermo-physiological differences found across the species' distribution suggest that local adaptation may allow persistence of this tropical ectotherm in global warming scenarios. These results will serve as basis to further research to investigate the strength of local adaptation to climate change. Persistence of Kentropyx calcarata also depends on forest preservation, but the Amazon rainforest is currently under high deforestation rates. We argue that higher conservation priority is necessary so the Amazon rainforest can fulfill its capacity to absorb the impacts of temperature increase on tropical ectotherms during climate change. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Cryptic lineages and diversification of an endemic anole lizard (Squamata, Dactyloidae) of the Cerrado hotspot

The Cerrado is a wide Neotropical savanna with tremendously high endemic diversity. Yet, it is not clear what the prevalent processes leading to such diversification are. We used the Cerrado-endemic lizard Norops meridionalis to investigate the main abiotic factors that promoted genetic divergence, the timings of these divergence events, and how these relate to cryptic diversity in the group. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes from 21 sites of N. meridionalis to generate species tree, divergence time estimations, and estimate species limits. We also performed population-level analysis and estimated distribution models to test the roles of niche conservatism and divergence in the group diversification. We found that N. meridionalis is composed by at least five cryptic species. Divergence time estimations suggest that the deepest branches split back into the early-mid Miocene, when most of the geophysical activity of the Cerrado took place. The deep divergences found in N. meridionalis suggest that beta anoles invaded South America much earlier than previously thought. Recent published evidence supports this view, indicating that the Panama gap closed as early as 15. mya, allowing for an early invasion of Norops into South America. The spatial pattern of diversification within N. meridionalis follows a northwest-southeast direction, which is consistent across several species of vertebrates endemic to the Cerrado. Also, we found evidence for non-stationary isolation by distance, which occurs when genetic differentiation depends on space. Our preliminary data in two out of five lineages suggest that niche conservatism is an important mechanism that promoted geographic fragmentation in the group. © 2015 Elsevier Inc

Dry matter production and nutrient accumulation after successive crops of lettuce, tomato, rice, and andropogongrass in a substrate with zeolite Produção de matéria seca e acúmulo de nutrientes após cultivos sucessivos com alface, tomate, arroz e capim andropogon em substrato com zeólita

Zeolites are hydrated crystalline aluminosilicate minerals of natural occurrence, structured in rigid third dimension net that can be used as slow release plant-nutrient source. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth substrate under zeolite application, enriched with N, P and K, on dry matter yield and on nutrient contents in consecutive crops of lettuce, tomato, rice, and andropogon grass. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with 3 kg pots with an inert substrate, evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four types of enrichment of concentrated natural zeolite: concentrated zeolite (Z) only, zeolite + KNO3 (ZNK), zeolite + K2HPO4 (ZPK) and zeolite + H3PO4 + apatite (ZP), and a control grown in substrate fertilized with a zeolite-free nutrient solution. Four levels of enriched zeolite were tested: 20, 40, 80, and 160 g/pot. Four successive crops were grown on the same substrate in each pot: lettuce, tomato, rice, and andropogon grass. Results indicated that N, P and K enriched zeolite was an adequate slow-release nutrient source for plants. The total dry matter production of above-ground biomass of four successive crops followed a descending order: ZP > ZPK > ZNK > Z.<br>Zeólitas são minerais aluminossilicatos cristalinos hidratados de ocorrência natural, estruturados em redes cristalinas tridimensionais rígidas que podem ser usados como fonte de liberação lenta de nutrientes para as plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de zeólita enriquecida com N, P e K ao substrato de cultivo sobre a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes pelas culturas sucessivas de alface, de tomate, de arroz e de capim-andropogon. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegetação, em vasos contendo 3 kg de substrato inerte. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A zeólita natural estilbita foi concentrada e enriquecida com nutrientes N, P e K obtendo-se os seguintes tratamentos: zeólita concentrada (Z), zeólita + KNO3 (ZNK), zeólita + K2HPO4 (ZPK) e zeólita + H3PO4 + apatita (ZP), além de um tratamento testemunha sem adição de zeólita, mas com solução nutritiva. Utilizaram-se quatro doses de zeólita enriquecida: 20, 40, 80 e 160 g/vaso. Foram realizados quatro cultivos sucessivos no mesmo substrato de cada vaso: alface, tomate, arroz e capim-andropogon. Os resultados indicaram que a zeólita enriquecida com N, P e K funcionou como fonte de nutrientes de liberação lenta. A produção de matéria seca total da parte aérea dos quatro cultivos sucessivos seguiu a seguinte ordem decrescente: ZP > ZPK > ZNK > Z

Produção e qualidade de frutos de tomateiro cultivado em substrato com zeólita Yield and fruit quality of tomato grown in substrate with zeolite

Avaliou-se a produção e a qualidade dos frutos de tomateiro cv. Finestra, cultivado em substrato com zeólita enriquecida com N, P e K. Os tratamentos utilizados foram quatro doses (20; 40; 80 e 160 g por vaso) de zeólitas enriquecidas com H3PO4/apatita, KNO3 e KH2PO4, além de uma testemunha cultivada em solução nutritiva. Foram avaliados a produção de frutos por vaso, firmeza, sólidos totais, pH, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico dos frutos, dos 80 aos 90 dias de cultivo. O fornecimento de nutrientes através do mineral zeólita enriquecido com N, P e K comprovou ser uma alternativa para o aumento da produção. As maiores produções foram obtidas nos tratamentos com adição de P e K e nas maiores doses de zeólita (160 e 80 g por vaso). A produção de frutos foi 11 a 17% maior em relação à testemunha cultivada com solução nutritiva. Houve efeitos positivos das zeólitas enriquecidas com fontes de fósforo sobre a firmeza e efeito negativo sobre o pH. A firmeza dos frutos variou 104% entre tratamentos, de 7,06 N (ZNK 160) a 14,38 (ZPK 40). O aumento da disponibilidade de potássio contribuiu para o aumento do teor de ácido ascórbico dos frutos.<br>We evaluated yield and quality of tomato fruits, cv. Finestra, grown in a zeolite substrate enriched with N, P and K. Treatments comprised four levels (20; 40; 80 and 160 g per pot) of zeolite enriched with H3PO4/apatite, KNO3 and KH2PO4, and a control grown in a nutrient solution. Fruit production, firmness, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were evaluated from 80 to 90 days of plant cultivation. Nutrients supplied through the mineral zeolite enriched with N, P and K was an adequate alternative to increase the production. Higher fruit production was obtained with addition of P and K and higher zeolite dosis (160 and 80 g per pot). Fruit production was 11% and 17% higher when compared to the plants grown in nutritive solution (check treatment). Positive effects were observed in P-enriched zeolites in relation to fruit firmness, and negative effects over fruit pH. Fruit firmness varied 104% among treatments, from 7.06N (ZNK 160) to 14.38N (ZPK 40). The increase of potassium availablity increased the ascorbic acid levels of the fruits