Optimizing System Reliability in Additive Manufacturing Using Physics-Informed Machine Learning

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing process, is an emerging technology with issues in the uncertainty of mechanical properties and quality of printed parts. The consideration of all main and interaction effects when changing print parameters is not efficiently feasible, due to existing stochastic dependencies. To address this issue, a machine learning method is developed to increase reliability by optimizing input parameters and predicting system responses. A structure of artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed that predicts a system response based on input parameters and observations of the system and similar systems. In this way, significant input parameters for a reliable system can be determined. The ANN structure is part of physics-informed machine learning and is pretrained with domain knowledge (DK) to require fewer observations for full training. This includes theoretical knowledge of idealized systems and measured data. New predictions for a system response can be made without retraining but by using further observations from the predicted system. Therefore, the predictions are available in real time, which is a precondition for the use in industrial environments. Finally, the application of the developed method to print bed adhesion in FFF and the increase in system reliability are discussed and evaluated

Can Russia’s high mortality return until 2030 to trajectory of the 1980-ies and reach the SDGs evenly across the country?

  Aim: This study reviews the ability of the Russian Federation to reduce the high mortality until 2030 evenly across the country and in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Methods: We adopted the method suggested by Haenszel for estimating Premature Years of Life Lost for the age group <70 years and applied a projected reduction of 33% by 2030 as proposed for SDG 3.4. To calculate the potential time gap we used the model of the United Nations Development Programme and standardized the rates by the OECD 1980 Standard Population employing the direct method.   Results: If Russia keeps the present level of effort the reduction by one third of the level of premature mortality as in 2013 will be in reach already in 2024 i.e. 5.9 years in advance of the SDG 3 target for 2030. This target is achieved quite evenly also throughout the 8 districts of the Russian Federation between 10.6 and 5.0 years in advance and in selected special districts/republics with the highest and lowest mortality rates.   Conclusion: After the steep decrease of life expectancy during the 1990ies the Russian Federation returned to the original trajectory.   Keywords: gap analysis, premature mortality, public health, Russian Federation, SDG.   Conflicts of interest: None declared.   Statement of Funding: None declared.   Note: Valery Chernyavskiy, Helmut Wenzel, Julia Mikhailova, Alla Ivanova, Elena Zemlianova, Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic, Alexander Mikhailov, Ulrich Laaser. Can Russia’s high mortality return until 2030 to trajectory of the 1980ies and reach the sdgs evenly across the country? Published 13 November 2020 in parallel by: Social'nye aspekty zdorov'a naselenia / Social aspects of population health [serial online] 2020; 66(5):14; DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2020-66-5-12. Available from: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1205/30/lang,r

Successful reduction of premature mortality in the Russian Federation and the countries around the Baltic Sea working together on Health and Social Well-being

Context: The ‘Northern Dimension on Public Health and Social Well-being’ is a platform for dialogue and cooperation of countries around the Baltic Sea, established in 2003, guided by the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region of the European Union adopted in 2009. In this paper we determine the overall progress of the Russian Federation and its North West Federal Okrugin in particular, with regard to the reduction of mortality. Methods: For the purpose of inter-country comparison and progress over time we make use of age-standardised Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) applied to quantifiable strategic targets, the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the European Union Strategy of the Baltic Sea Region. A gap analysis is performed to determine whether the target achievement is in delay or on track. Results: With reference to the baseline of 2009 – corresponding to the most relevant recent period 2009-2020 respectively 2009-2030 – the Russian Federation as a whole is on track achieving the two strategic targets in advance by 2.7 years. For the North West Federal Okrug around St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad bordering the Baltic Sea the target achievement is estimated to be 4.8 and 10.8 years in advance of the deadlines 2020 and 2030. In comparison to the Baltic Sea states the Russian Federation takes a middle position after Estonia, Latvia and Finland. The early target achievement is confirmed if the period 2003-2020 respectively 2003-2030 is considered. Conclusion: Although the region is progressing there may be a slowdown towards 2030. A careful analysis is required to determine to which degree the activities of the Partnership for Health and Social Well-being have contributed to the success and what should be proposed to increase the impact on premature mortality

Can Russia’s high mortality return until 2030 to trajectory of the 1980-ies and reach the SDGs evenly across the country?

Aim: This study reviews the ability of the Russian Federation to reduce the high mortality until 2030 evenly across the country and in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Methods: We adopted the method suggested by Haenszel for estimating Premature Years of Life Lost for the age group <70 years and applied a projected reduction of 33% by 2030 as proposed for SDG 3.4. To calculate the potential time gap we used the model of the United Nations Development Programme and standardized the rates by the OECD 1980 Standard Population employing the direct method.   Results: If Russia keeps the present level of effort the reduction by one third of the level of premature mortality as in 2013 will be in reach already in 2024 i.e. 5.9 years in advance of the SDG 3 target for 2030. This target is achieved quite evenly also throughout the 8 districts of the Russian Federation between 10.6 and 5.0 years in advance and in selected special districts/republics with the highest and lowest mortality rates.   Conclusion: After the steep decrease of life expectancy during the 1990ies the Russian Federation returned to the original trajectory. &nbsp

Charge Transfer-Induced Lattice Collapse in Ni-Rich NCM Cathode Materials during Delithiation

Ni-rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode materials have great potential for application in next-generation lithium-ion batteries owing to their high specific capacity. However, they are subjected to severe structural changes upon (de)lithiation, which adversely affects the cycling stability. Herein, we investigate changes in crystal and electronic structure of NCM811 (80% Ni) at high states of charge by a combination of operando X-ray diffraction (XRD), operando hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (hXAS), ex situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and correlate the results with data from galvanostatic cycling in coin cells. XRD reveals a large decrease in unit cell volume from 101.38(1) Å3 to 94.26(2) Å3 due to collapse of the interlayer spacing when x(Li) < 0.5 (decrease in c-axis from 14.469(1) Å at x(Li) = 0.6 to 13.732(2) Å at x(Li) = 0.25). hXAS shows that the shrinkage of the transition metal-oxygen layer mainly originates from nickel oxidation. sXAS, together with DFT-based Bader charge analysis, indicates that the shrinkage of the interlayer, which is occupied by lithium, is induced by charge transfer between O 2p and partially filled Ni eg orbitals (resulting in decrease of oxygen-oxygen repulsion). Overall, the results demonstrate that high-voltage operation of NCM811 cathodes is inevitably accompanied by charge transfer-induced lattice collapse

Composição de carboidratos do abacaxi (cv. pérola) e resposta glicêmica em humanos

Brazil is the third largest producer of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the market for fresh pineapple is sustained by the Hawaii and Perola cultivars. In this work the Perola cultivar was divided into three main parts, shell, core and pulp, for characterization. Moisture in the pulp was higher (between 10 and 15%) than in the shell and core. The amount of protein was higher in the core (35%) than in the pulp and shell. Perola contained relatively low concentrations of total ascorbic acid in the edible parts, although higher levels of ascorbic acid in the shell. Citric acid corresponded to almost 60% of the total organic acids. The total soluble sugars [~7-12% (FW)] were predominantly sucrose, fructose and glucose. The core had almost twice as much total sugar (12%) than the pulp (6.8%). The amount of insoluble dietary fiber was around 1%, and the soluble fiber was less than 0.1%. The pulp showed the highest concentration of polyphenols (0.49%) and antioxidant activity (33 µmol.g-1) out of the parts. The consumption of the pineapple pulp or core produced a high glycemic index (~93%), but considering the glycemic load, this fruit can be considered as low dietary.O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de abacaxi(Ananas comosus) e as principais cultivares encontradas no mercado são Havaí e Pérola. Neste trabalho, frutas da cultivar Pérola foram divididas em casca, cerne e polpa e analisadas. A umidade da polpa foi superior (entre 10 e 15%) à encontrada na casca e no cerne. A concentração de proteína foi maior no cerne (35%) que na polpa e na casca. Essa cultivar contém baixas concentrações de ácido ascórbico nas partes comestíveis, no entanto a casca apresentou maiores níveis. O ácido cítrico correspondeu a aproximadamente 60% do total de ácidos orgânicos. Entre os açúcares solúveis [~7-12% (BU)], a sacarose, frutose e glicose foram predominantes. O cerne continha quase o dobro dos açúcares totais (12%) em relação à polpa (6,8%). A concentração de fibra alimentar insolúvel foi em torno de 1%, enquanto a de fibra solúvel foi menor que 0,1%. A polpa apresentou maior concentração de polifenóis (0,49%) e maior atividade antioxidante (33 µmol.g-1) que as demais partes. O consumo da polpa e do cerne produziu alto índice glicêmico (~93%), mas considerando a quantidade usual consumida, o abacaxi apresenta baixa carga glicêmica

Successful reduction of premature mortality in the Russian Federation and the countries around the Baltic Sea working together on Health and Social Well-being

Context: The ‘Northern Dimension on Public Health and Social Well-being’ is a platform for dialogue and cooperation of countries around the Baltic Sea, established in 2003, guided by the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region of the European Union adopted in 2009. In this paper we determine the overall progress of the Russian Federation and its North West Federal Okrugin in particular, with regard to the reduction of mortality. Methods: For the purpose of inter-country comparison and progress over time we make use of age-standardised Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) applied to quantifiable strategic targets, the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on Health and Social Well-being and the European Union Strategy of the Baltic Sea Region. A gap analysis is performed to determine whether the target achievement is in delay or on track. Results: With reference to the baseline of 2009 – corresponding to the most relevant recent period 2009-2020 respectively 2009-2030 – the Russian Federation as a whole is on track achieving the two strategic targets in advance by 2.7 years. For the North West Federal Okrug around St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad bordering the Baltic Sea the target achievement is estimated to be 4.8 and 10.8 years in advance of the deadlines 2020 and 2030. In comparison to the Baltic Sea states the Russian Federation takes a middle position after Estonia, Latvia and Finland. The early target achievement is confirmed if the period 2003-2020 respectively 2003-2030 is considered. Conclusion: Although the region is progressing there may be a slowdown towards 2030. A careful analysis is required to determine to which degree the activities of the Partnership for Health and Social Well-being have contributed to the success and what should be proposed to increase the impact on premature mortality

The Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort study (SPHYNCS): Study protocol for a prospective, multicentre cohort observational study.

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a disorder with well-established markers and a suspected autoimmune aetiology. Conversely, the narcoleptic borderland (NBL) disorders, including narcolepsy type 2, idiopathic hypersomnia, insufficient sleep syndrome and hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorder, lack well-defined markers and remain controversial in terms of aetiology, diagnosis and management. The Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort Study (SPHYNCS) is a comprehensive multicentre cohort study, which will investigate the clinical picture, pathophysiology and long-term course of NT1 and the NBL. The primary aim is to validate new and reappraise well-known markers for the characterization of the NBL, facilitating the diagnostic process. Seven Swiss sleep centres, belonging to the Swiss Narcolepsy Network (SNaNe), joined the study and will prospectively enrol over 500 patients with recent onset of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hypersomnia or a suspected central disorder of hypersomnolence (CDH) during a 3-year recruitment phase. Healthy controls and patients with EDS due to severe sleep-disordered breathing, improving after therapy, will represent two control groups of over 50 patients each. Clinical and electrophysiological (polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test, maintenance of wakefulness test) information, and information on psychomotor vigilance and a sustained attention to response task, actigraphy and wearable devices (long-term monitoring), and responses to questionnaires will be collected at baseline and after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Potential disease markers will be searched for in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and stool. Analyses will include quantitative hypocretin measurements, proteomics/peptidomics, and immunological, genetic and microbiota studies. SPHYNCS will increase our understanding of CDH and the relationship between NT1 and the NBL. The identification of new disease markers is expected to lead to better and earlier diagnosis, better prognosis and personalized management of CDH

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) mitogenomics: A cautionary tale of defining sub-species from mitochondrial sequence monophyly

The advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has resulted in an increase of studies based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences that revisit the taxonomic status within and among species. Spatially distinct monophyly in such mitogenomic genealogies, i.e., the sharing of a recent common ancestor among con-specific samples collected in the same region has been viewed as evidence for subspecies. Several recent studies in cetaceans have employed this criterion to suggest subsequent intraspecific taxonomic revisions. We reason that employing intra-specific, spatially distinct monophyly at non-recombining, clonally inherited genomes is an unsatisfactory criterion for defining subspecies based upon theoretical (genetic drift) and practical (sampling effort) arguments. This point was illustrated by a re-analysis of a global mitogenomic assessment of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus spp., published by Archer et al. (2013), which proposed to further subdivide the Northern Hemisphere fin whale subspecies, B. p. physalus. The proposed revision was based upon the detection of spatially distinct monophyly among North Atlantic and North Pacific fin whales in a genealogy based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences. The extended analysis conducted in this study (1676 mitochondrial control region, 162 complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences and 20 microsatellite loci genotyped in 380 samples) revealed that the apparent monophyly among North Atlantic fin whales reported by Archer et al. (2013) to be due to low sample sizes. In conclusion, defining sub-species from monophyly (i.e., the absence of para- or polyphyly) can lead to erroneous conclusions due to relatively 'trivial' aspects, such as sampling. Basic population genetic processes (i.e., genetic drift and migration) also affect the time to the most recent common ancestor and hence the probability that individuals in a sample are monophyletic