Labelling Policies for Food

Das Verbraucherinteresse an Qualität und bestimmten Produkteigenschaften nimmt immer weiter zu. Die Kennzeichnung von Lebensmitteln ist für Verbraucher ebenfalls auf Grund der hohen Produktdifferenzierung und dem daraus resultierenden großen Produktangebot an Lebensmitteln ein wichtiges Informationsinstrument, um eine gut informierte Produktwahl treffen zu können. Dabei spielen bei der Kennzeichnung von Produkten Vertrauenseigenschaften wie Prozess- oder Produktqualitäten eine wichtige Rolle, die ein entscheidendes Auswahlkriterium darstellen können. Vertrauenseigenschaften zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie von Verbrauchern nicht selbst überprüft werden können. Daher haben einige Elemente der Lebensmittelkennzeichnung das Ziel, Vertrauens- in Sucheigenschaften umzuwandeln, um so Informationsasymmetrien abzubauen Nur wenn Unterschiede in Lebensmitteln für Konsumenten sichtbar werden, können diese gut informierte Entscheidungen treffen. Zudem ist es für einen funktionierenden Markt notwendig, dass unterschiedliche Qualitäten deutlich werden, denn nur so kann verhindert werden, dass lautere Wettbewerber aus dem Markt verdrängt werden. Ziel der Dissertation ist es, verschiedene Labelling Policies, die bisher nicht im Fokus der Konsumentenforschung standen, mittels empirischer Konsumentenbefragungen zu untersuchen, zu bewerten und Empfehlungen für Entscheidungsträger in der Lebensmittelkennzeichnung abzuleiten. Die drei zu untersuchenden Forschungsfragen lauten: 1. Wie zu Grunde liegende Prozess- und Produkteigenschaften differenziert auf Lebensmittelverpackungen kommuniziert werden können, 2. wie verschiedene Kennzeichnungselemente, die Signalling Cues für Verbraucher darstellen, auf Produktverpackungen von Verbrauchern wahrgenommen und beurteilt werden und 3. wie die Nischenprodukte Tierschutzfleisch und Weidemilch am besten vermarktet werden können und wie Zielgruppen zu charakterisieren sind. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit zeigen auf, dass die derzeitige Lebensmittelkennzeichnungspraxis Defizite und Verbesserungspotenzial aufweist. Daneben wurde aufgezeigt, dass ein mehrstufiges Labellingsystem Potenzial aufweist, am Markt Veränderungen gegenüber einem binären Labellingsystem hervorzurufen, die weiteren Forschungsbedarf erfordern. Es werden Empfehlungen für Politik und Wirtschaft abgeleitet. Weiterhin werden Marketingempfehlungen für Tierschutzfleisch und Weidemilch abgeleitet und die Zielgruppen für die diese Produkte charakterisiert.Food labeling is of growing importance in the market place due to increases in both food products and in consumer interest in specific product quality characteristics. Food labels can help consumers differentiate highly similar products and can serve as an important information tool for informed decision-making. Credence attributes, like process and product qualities, play an important role in product labeling since they can be a decisive choice criterion. Credence attributes are characterized by the fact that consumers themselves cannot control them. Thus, some elements in food labelling aim to transform credence attributes into search attributes in order to reduce information asymmetry. Consumers can only make well-informed decisions when differences in food products are comprehensible. It is therefore necessary for different product qualities to be highlighted so that the market can function well. Furthermore, emphasizing such differences for consumers can prevent fair competitors from being forced out of the market. The aim of this dissertation is twofold. First, the aim is to analyse and evaluate different labelling polices that have not yet been targeted by consumer research. The second aim is to make relevant policy recommendations. This is carried out by empirical consumer surveys. The three research questions are: 1. How can underlying process and product characteristics be communicated so that they are differentiated on food packages? 2. How are different labelling elements on product packages, which are signaling cues for consumers, perceived and evaluated by consumers? 3. How can niche products, such as high welfare meat and pasture-raised milk, be optimally marketed and how can target groups be characterised? The results of the empirical research reveal that the current food labelling practice shows deficits and improvement potential. In addition, the results have shown that multi-level labelling systems have the potential to change consumer behaviour and market shares, when compared to a binary labelling system. However, further research is essential. Recommendations for policy makers and industry decision makers are made. Marketing recommendations for high welfare meat and pasture-raised milk are also set out and target groups for these products are characterized

Consumer Preferences for High Welfare Meat in Germany: Self-service Counter or Service Counter?

Many people view animal welfare standards in the agricultural industry as critical and some consumers would prefer to buy high welfare meat. In order to successfully introduce high welfare meat products onto the market, some important marketing decisions must be made. Due to limited shelf space in retail outlets, niche products like high welfare meat cannot be placed both at the self-service counter and at the service counter. In order to analyze where to place it best an online survey of 642 German consumers was conducted. By means of factor and cluster analyses, consumers’ animal welfare attitudes and their preference for a point of purchase were combined. The different target groups were joint using cross tabulation analysis. The results reveal that consumers in the target group show a more positive attitude to the service counter

Consumer preferences for meat: self-service counter or service counter?

Many people view animal welfare standards in the agricultural industry as critical and some consumers would prefer to buy high welfare meat. In order to successfully introduce high welfare meat products onto the market, some important marketing decisions must be made. Due to limited shelf space, niche products like high welfare meat cannot be placed both at the self-service counter and at the service counter. In order to analyze where to place it best an online survey of 642 German consumers was conducted. By means of factor and cluster analyses, consumers’ animal welfare attitudes and their preference for a point of purchase were combined. The different target groups were combined using cross tabulation analysis. The results show that consumers in the target group show a more positive attitude to the service counter

Decision-making processes on sustainable packaging options in the European food sector

Food packaging improves shelf life and allows longer transportation distances in global food supply chains, but it is also responsible for huge volumes of waste. The transition to sustainable packaging by food companies has often been slow and inconsistent. How decisions on (sustainable) packaging are made within companies in the food sector remains mostly opaque to research. To explore the decision-making process and identify barriers for cleaner, more resource efficient food packaging, we carried out 17 interviews in four European countries across different food sectors using the theoretical decision-making process of Nutt (1984) as an analytical framework. Through qualitative content analysis, we found that decision-making processes often lack structure and extend over long stretches of time. Frequently, they are initiated in response to packaging material manufacturers or suppliers. Switching to more sustainable packaging often implies costly investments into new machinery. Economic sustainability takes precedence over ecological sustainability. We recommend companies move to life-cycle cost models for packaging decisions, commit to mono- and other recyclable materials, and establish structured decision-making processes with clear cut-off criteria so as to streamline implementation decisions. Our results further support a call for progressive legislation towards a circular economy in the packaging sector.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sustainable food packaging: An updated definition following a holistic approach

Food packaging solutions need to be redesigned to be more sustainable, but determining which solution is ‘more optimal’ is a very difficult task when considering the entire food product value chain. Previous papers paved the way toward a sustainable food packaging definition, but it is far from being commonly accepted or well usable in the broad food systems domain, which further results in uninformed choices for sustainable food packaging made by all stakeholders in the value chain: producers, distributors, practitioners and consumers. Therefore, this work aims first at giving a state-of-the-art overview of sustainable food packaging terms (38 similar terms were identified and grouped into four clusters: Sustainable, Circular, Bio and Other sustainable packaging) and definitions using systematic (narrative) review analysis and ‘controlled expert opinion feedback’ methodology. Second, it aims to offer an updated definition for sustainable food packaging, which is also specific to food packaging and be simple, coherent, easily understandable, and communicable to everybody. The applied holistic approach intends to include all aspects of the food-packaging unit, to consider food safety and packaging functionality, while taking into account different disciplines and challenges related to food packaging along the supply chain. Being a balancing act, a sustainable food packaging may not be a perfect solution, but contextual, suboptimal and in need of constant validation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sustainable food packaging: An updated definition following a holistic approach

publishedVersio

Neurochemical Architecture of the Central Complex Related to Its Function in the Control of Grasshopper Acoustic Communication

The central complex selects and coordinates the species- and situation-specific song production in acoustically communicating grasshoppers. Control of sound production is mediated by several neurotransmitters and modulators, their receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. It has previously been shown that muscarinic cholinergic excitation in the central complex promotes sound production whereas both GABA and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling suppress its performance. The present immunocytochemical and pharmacological study investigates the question whether GABA and nitric oxide mediate inhibition of sound production independently. Muscarinic ACh receptors are expressed by columnar output neurons of the central complex that innervate the lower division of the central body and terminate in the lateral accessory lobes. GABAergic tangential neurons that innervate the lower division of the central body arborize in close proximity of columnar neurons and thus may directly inhibit these central complex output neurons. A subset of these GABAergic tangential neurons accumulates cyclic GMP following the release of nitric oxide from neurites in the upper division of the central body. While sound production stimulated by muscarine injection into the central complex is suppressed by co-application of sodium nitroprusside, picrotoxin-stimulated singing was not affected by co-application of this nitric oxide donor, indicating that nitric oxide mediated inhibition requires functional GABA signaling. Hence, grasshopper sound production is controlled by processing of information in the lower division of the central body which is subject to modulation by nitric oxide released from neurons in the upper division

Cross-Cultural Comparison between German, French and Dutch Consumer Preferences for Meat Substitutes

Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration for consumers when purchasing food. As meat production has a significant impact on the environment, meat substitutes are becoming more and more popular in Europe. However, consumers who regularly buy meat substitutes are still the exception. Although there are some initial results indicating why this proportion is still low, most research has been concentrated in the Netherlands. This paper aims to compare reasons for consuming or not consuming meat substitutes in three European countries—Germany, the Netherlands and France. As very little is known about the underlying reasons, an explorative approach was chosen. Focus group discussions were carried out in all three countries, six altogether. The results show that all participants can enumerate meat substitutes. The main reason for not consuming meat substitutes is the taste of meat. Further, eating habits seem to be fixed and convenience might also be an impediment to reducing meat consumption in favour of meat substitutes, as is confusion regarding healthy eating

Can a Multi-Level Label do Better than a Binary Label for Animal Welfare? A PLS-Analysis of Consumer Satisfaction

Labeling is an important marketing tool for food producers and retailers. With growing product heterogeneity, labels can help consumers differentiate higher quality products on supermarket shelves. Currently, most labels are of a binary nature—meaning a product either has certain characteristics or not—although there is a larger product heterogeneity in the food market than just two standards. A multi-level label might be a solution to addressing this problem. The objective of this article is to investigate if influences on consumer satisfaction with ethical food labeling systems differ between a binary and a multi-level labeling system. A consumer survey was carried out in Germany (n = 1,538) comparing the two types of labels with a split-sample approach. The influence of five factors (comprehensibility, involvement, time pressure, trust and use), derived from the literature, were analyzed in a structural equation model. All these factors influence satisfaction with labeling. Furthermore, differences between the two labeling systems were detected. This article delivers important results for food producers and policy makers. The group comparison indicated that trust as a precondition is more necessary for a binary label whereas time pressure factors reduce satisfaction with multi-level labeling