Réemploi et Préfabrication, en quoi la préfabrication engendre-t-elle un potentiel et une source de réemploi en architecture ?

International audienceThe building and construction activity produces the most part of waste. The construction industry must align itself with the issues of sustainable development. The architect must take on his responsibility in this process. In order to react to this situation, the environmental priorities must take precedence over economic priorities. The disassembly capability and the deconstruction will become critical issues in the more or less short term. Our duty as architects is to preempt the depletion of resources and begin to act now. Through the proposal of re-employment developed in this report, a number of provisions are highlighted and can be applied by any designer. It integrates the ability to disassemble the buildings, by allowing both adaptability, and also their future dismantling in order to recover materials and reuse them in new projects. The introduction of reversible assemblies that do not damage the material or its features, must be integrated as of today. Regulatory aspects and controls are also discussed to make concrete proposals. We must be aware of the material we use today and which will be left to future generations. We must also raise the question of the future of complex materials from which we cannot separate the different components, and which will be permanently lost. Reuse combines both convictions and design process. Currently, it requires a lot of manpower in particular to replace the demolition system with that of deconstruction. But at a time when unemployment strikes our society, it could be a way to create jobs locally. This work is not a plea for reuse but a concrete proposal, applicable immediately to prevent the imminent exhaustion of resources.L'activité du bâtiment et de la construction produit une large majorité des déchets. L’industrie de la construction doit s’accorder avec les problématiques de développement durable. L’architecte a une part de responsabilité dans ce processus. Pour agir, les priorités environnementales doivent prendre le pas sur les priorités économiques. La démontabilité et la déconstruction vont devenir des enjeux cruciaux à plus ou moins court terme. Notre devoir d’architecte est d’anticiper cet épuisement des ressources et de commencer à agir maintenant. à travers la proposition de réemploi développée dans ce mémoire, un certain nombre de dispositions sont mises en exergue et peuvent être appliquées par tout concepteur. Il s’agit d’intégrer la possibilité de démonter les ouvrages, à la fois pour en permettre l’adaptabilité, mais aussi leur futur démantèlement afin de récupérer les matériaux et les réutiliser dans de nouveaux projets. La mise en place d’assemblages réversibles, qui n’abîment pas la matière ni ses caractéristiques, doit être intégrée dès aujourd’hui. Les aspects réglementaires et de contrôles sont également abordés pour rendre concrètes les propositions. Nous devons être conscients de la matière que nous utilisons aujourd’hui et qui sera laissée aux générations futures. Il faut se poser la question du devenir des matériaux complexes dont on ne pourra pas séparer les différents composants et qui seront définitivement perdus. Le réemploi réunit à la fois des convictions et des processus de conception. Actuellement, il demande beaucoup de main d’œuvre notamment pour passer du système de démolition à la déconstruction. Mais à l’heure où le chômage frappe notre société, ce peut être un moyen de créer des emplois locaux. Ce travail n’est pas un plaidoyer en faveur du réemploi mais une proposition concrète, applicable immédiatement pour prévenir l’imminent épuisement des ressources

La Place de l'auteur dans l'univers académique : 8ème journée du livre électronique, Paris, 28 juin 2016

International audienc

La Place de l'auteur dans l'univers académique : 8ème journée du livre électronique, Paris, 28 juin 2016

International audienc

La Place de l'auteur dans l'univers académique : 8ème journée du livre électronique, Paris, 28 juin 2016

International audienc

First report of natural Wolbachia infection in wild Anopheles funestus population in Senegal

Abstract Background Until very recently, Anopheles were considered naturally unable to host Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterium regarded as a potential biological control tool. Their detection in field populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, suggests that they may also be present in many more anopheline species than previously thought. Results Here, is reported the first discovery of natural Wolbachia infections in Anopheles funestus populations from Senegal, the second main malaria vector in Africa. Molecular phylogeny analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed at least two Wolbachia genotypes which were named wAnfu-A and wAnfu-B, according to their close relatedness to the A and B supergroups. Furthermore, both wAnfu genotypes displayed high proximity with wAnga sequences previously described from the An. gambiae complex, with only few nucleotide differences. However, the low prevalence of infection, together with the difficulties encountered for detection, whatever method used, highlights the need to develop an effective and sensitive Wolbachia screening method dedicated to anopheline. Conclusions The discovery of natural Wolbachia infection in An. funestus, another major malaria vector, may overcome the main limitation of using a Wolbachia-based approach to control malaria through population suppression and/or replacement

Normal Immune System Development in Mice Lacking the Deltex-1 RING Finger Domain

The Notch signaling pathway controls several cell fate decisions during lymphocyte development, from T-cell lineage commitment to the peripheral differentiation of B and T lymphocytes. Deltex-1 is a RING finger ubiquitin ligase which is conserved from Drosophila to humans and has been proposed to be a regulator of Notch signaling. Its pattern of lymphoid expression as well as gain-of-function experiments suggest that Deltex-1 regulates both B-cell lineage and splenic marginal-zone B-cell commitment. Deltex-1 was also found to be highly expressed in germinal-center B cells. To investigate the physiological function of Deltex-1, we generated a mouse strain lacking the Deltex-1 RING finger domain, which is essential for its ubiquitin ligase activity. Deltex-1(Δ/Δ) mice were viable and fertile. A detailed histological analysis did not reveal any defects in major organs. T- and B-cell development was normal, as were humoral responses against T-dependent and T-independent antigens. These data indicate that the Deltex-1 ubiquitin ligase activity is dispensable for mouse development and immune function. Possible compensatory mechanisms, in particular those from a fourth Deltex gene identified during the course of this study, are also discussed

Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs

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Data from: Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to ten antiepileptic drugs

Objective: To assess the association between exposure to monotherapy with 10 different antiepileptic drugs (AED) during the first two months of pregnancy and the risk of 23 major congenital malformations (MCMs). Methods: This nationwide cohort study, based on the French healthcare databases, included all pregnancies&[ge]20 weeks and ending between January 2011 and March 2015. Women were considered to be exposed when an AED had been dispensed between one month before and two months after the beginning of pregnancy. The reference group included pregnant women with no reimbursement for AEDs. MCMs were detected up to 12 months after birth (24 months for microcephaly, hypospadias and epispadias). Odds ratios were adjusted for potential confounders for MCMs with at least five cases. Otherwise, we calculated crude ORs with exact confidence intervals. Results: The cohort included 1,886,825 pregnancies, 2,997 of which were exposed to lamotrigine, 1,671 to pregabalin, 980 to clonazepam, 913 to valproic acid, 579 to levetiracetam, 517 to topiramate, 512 to carbamazepine, 365 to gabapentin, 139 to oxcarbazepine and 80 to phenobarbital. Exposure to valproic acid was associated with 8 specific types of MCMs (e.g. spina bifida, OR=19.4[8.6-43.5]) and exposure to topiramate was associated with an increased risk of cleft lip (6.8[1.4-20.0]). We identified three other signals. We found no significant association for lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and gabapentin. Conclusions: These results confirm the teratogenicity of valproic acid and topiramate. Because of the small numbers of cases and possible confounding, the other three signals should be interpreted with appropriate caution