Estudio de la construcción que hacen las madres del soporte necesario para la instauración y mantenimiento de la lactancia materna

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Ciencias Sociosanitarias. 512V01[Resumen] La lactancia materna (LM) ha sido históricamente y continúa siendo motivo de interés por parte de numerosas disciplinas, entre ellas, la enfermería. En los humanos, como mamíferos que son, la LM forma parte de su ciclo reproductivo. Sin embargo, a diferencia de éstos, en las mujeres la LM no es un acto exclusivamente biológico. En el ser humano la lactancia es una construcción social y, por lo tanto, depende del aprendizaje, creencias, valores, normas y condicionantes socioculturales que cambian a lo largo de los tiempos y de los individuos que en ellos viven. Es por ello que se hace necesario incorporar en el estudio de la LM la perspectiva de los sujetos implicados, en este caso las madres. La investigación en salud que se presenta en esta tesis se ha realizado como un Estudio Mix- Method Transformativo con una estructura secuencial cuantitativa-cualitativa. Los resultados de esta investigación establecen que la decisión que han de tomar las mujeres sobre la alimentación del RN está condicionada por los beneficios que ellas atribuyen a la LM y a la LA; la estigmatización de la LM en público; y la presión que ejercen los profesionales sanitarios, la sociedad y las propias mujeres, influidos por las normas sociales y culturales del momento. Al tratarse de un estudio transformativo se finaliza con una propuesta de agenda para cambiar o reformar los aspectos que se han desarrollado como resultado de la investigación. Esta agenda transformadora implica, además de a los profesionales sanitarios responsables del cuidado de la mujer gestante, a los gestores de la Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Ferrol (XXIF).[Resumo] A lactación materna (LM) foi historicamente e segue sendo motivo de interese por parte de numerosas disciplinas, entre elas, a enfermaría. Nos humanos, coma mamíferos que son, a LM forma parte do seu ciclo reprodutivo. Con todo, a diferencia destes, nas mulleres a LM non é un acto exclusivamente biolóxico. A diferenza doutros animais, no ser humano a lactación é unha construción social e, polo tanto, depende da aprendizaxe, crenzas, valores, normas e condicionantes socioculturais que mudan ó longo dos tempos e dos individuos que neles viven. É por iso que se fai necesario incorporar no estudo da LM a perspectiva dos suxeitos implicados, neste caso as nais. A investigación en saúde que se presenta nesta tese realizouse coma un Estudo Mix-Method Transformativo cunha estructura secuencial cuantitativa-cualitativa. Os resultados desta investigación establecen que a decisión que teñen que tomar as mulleres sobre a alimentación do recén nado (RN) está condicionada polos beneficios que elas atribúen á LM e á LA; a estigmatización da LM en público; e a presión que exercen os profesionais sanitarios, a sociedade e as propias mulleres, influídos polas normas sociais e culturais do momento. Ó se tratar dun estudo transformativo finalízase cunha proposta de axenda para cambiar ou reformar os aspectos que se desenvolveron como resultado da investigación. Esta axenda transformadora implica, ademáis dos profesionais sanitarios do coidado da muller xestante, ós xestores da Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Ferrol (XXIF).[Abstract] Historically and to this day, breastfeeding has been a topic of great interest in many disciplines, among them in the field of nursing. In humans, as mammals that they are, breastfeeding is part of their reproductive cycle. However, unlike the latter, in women breastfeeding is not exclusively and merely a biological act. Differing from other animals, for a human being breastfeeding is a social construct that depends on learning, beliefs, values, norms and sociocultural variables that change in time as well as the individuals that live through them. For this reason, it is necessary to include in the breastfeeding research the perspective of the involved subjects, the mothers. The health research presented in this thesis has been completed as a transformative Mix- Method study with a quantitative-qualitative sequential structure. The results obtained from this research establish that the decision women make in regards to feeding their newborn is conditioned by the benefits they attribute to breastfeeding and to formula; the stigmatization of breastfeeding in public, and pressure from health professionals, society and women as a whole, influenced by the social and cultural norms in the moment. Complying with the research methodology, at the end of the study there is a scheduled proposal to change or improve the aspects developed as a result of the research. Besides the health professionals responsible for the well being during pregnancy, the proposal also involves the management team of the Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Ferrol (XXIF)

The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango

Background: Mango is one of the world’s most important tropical fruits. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes several other economically important species, notably cashew, sumac and pistachio from other genera. Many species in this family produce family-specific urushiols and related phenols, which can induce contact dermatitis. Results: We generate a chromosome-scale genome assembly of mango, providing a reference genome for the Anacardiaceae family. Our results indicate the occurrence of a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in mango. Duplicated genes preferentially retained include photosynthetic, photorespiration, and lipid metabolic genes that may have provided adaptive advantages to sharp historical decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures. A notable example of an extended gene family is the chalcone synthase (CHS) family of genes, and particular genes in this family show universally higher expression in peels than in flesh, likely for the biosynthesis of urushiols and related phenols. Genome resequencing reveals two distinct groups of mango varieties, with commercial varieties clustered with India germplasms and demonstrating allelic admixture, and indigenous varieties from Southeast Asia in the second group. Landraces indigenous in China formed distinct clades, and some showed admixture in genomes. Conclusions: Analysis of chromosome-scale mango genome sequences reveals photosynthesis and lipid metabolism are preferentially retained after a recent WGD event, and expansion of CHS genes is likely associated with urushiol biosynthesis in mango. Genome resequencing clarifies two groups of mango varieties, discovers allelic admixture in commercial varieties, and shows distinct genetic background of landraces

Epigenetic modifications in KDM lysine demethylases associate with survival of early-stage NSCLC

BACKGROUND: KDM lysine demethylase family members are related to lung cancer clinical outcomes and are potential biomarkers for chemotherapeutics. However, little is known about epigenetic alterations in KDM genes and their roles in lung cancer survival. METHODS: Tumor tissue samples of 1230 early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were collected from the five independent cohorts. The 393 methylation sites in KDM genes were extracted from epigenome-wide datasets and analyzed by weighted random forest (Ranger) in discovery phase and validation dataset, respectively. The variable importance scores (VIS) for the sites in top 5% of both discovery and validation sets were carried forward for Cox regression to further evaluate the association with patient's overall survival. TCGA transcriptomic data were used to evaluate the correlation with the corresponding DNA methylation. RESULTS: DNA methylation at sites cg11637544 in KDM2A and cg26662347 in KDM1A were in the top 5% of VIS in both discovery phase and validation for squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), which were also significantly associated with SCC survival (HRcg11637544 = 1.32, 95%CI, 1.16-1.50, P = 1.1 × 10-4; HRcg26662347 = 1.88, 95%CI, 1.37-2.60, P = 3.7 × 10-3), and correlated with corresponding gene expression (cg11637544 for KDM2A, P = 1.3 × 10-10; cg26662347 for KDM1A P = 1.5 × 10-5). In addition, by using flexible criteria for Ranger analysis followed by survival classification tree analysis, we identified four clusters for adenocarcinomas and five clusters for squamous cell carcinomas which showed a considerable difference of clinical outcomes with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the association between somatic DNA methylation in KDM genes and early-stage NSCLC patient survival, which may reveal potential epigenetic therapeutic targets

Ultrahigh mobility and efficient charge injection in monolayer organic thin-film transistors on boron nitride

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with high mobility and low contact resistance have been actively pursued as building blocks for low-cost organic electronics. In conventional solution-processed or vacuum-deposited OTFTs, due to interfacial defects and traps, the organic film has to reach a certain thickness for efficient charge transport. Using an ultimate monolayer of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) molecules as an OTFT channel, we demonstrate remarkable electrical characteristics, including intrinsic hole mobility over 30 cm2/Vs, Ohmic contact with 100 Ω · cm resistance, and band-like transport down to 150 K. Compared to conventional OTFTs, the main advantage of a monolayer channel is the direct, nondisruptive contact between the charge transport layer and metal leads, a feature that is vital for achieving low contact resistance and current saturation voltage. On the other hand, bilayer and thicker C8-BTBT OTFTs exhibit strong Schottky contact and much higher contact resistance but can be improved by inserting a doped graphene buffer layer. Our results suggest that highly crystalline molecular monolayers are promising form factors to build high-performance OTFTs and investigate device physics. They also allow us to precisely model how the molecular packing changes the transport and contact properties

Microscopic approach to current-driven domain wall dynamics

This review describes in detail the essential techniques used in microscopic theories on spintronics. We have investigated the domain wall dynamics induced by electric current based on the $s$-$d$ exchange model. The domain wall is treated as rigid and planar and is described by two collective coordinates: the position and angle of wall magnetization. The effect of conduction electrons on the domain wall dynamics is calculated in the case of slowly varying spin structure (close to the adiabatic limit) by use of a gauge transformation. The spin-transfer torque and force on the wall are expressed by Feynman diagrams and calculated systematically using non-equilibrium Green's functions, treating electrons fully quantum mechanically. The wall dynamics is discussed based on two coupled equations of motion derived for two collective coordinates. The force is related to electron transport properties, resistivity, and the Hall effect. Effect of conduction electron spin relaxation on the torque and wall dynamics is also studied.Comment: manucript accepted to Phys. Re

The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango

Background: Mango is one of the world’s most important tropical fruits. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes several other economically important species, notably cashew, sumac and pistachio from other genera. Many species in this family produce family-specific urushiols and related phenols, which can induce contact dermatitis. Results: We generate a chromosome-scale genome assembly of mango, providing a reference genome for the Anacardiaceae family. Our results indicate the occurrence of a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in mango. Duplicated genes preferentially retained include photosynthetic, photorespiration, and lipid metabolic genes that may have provided adaptive advantages to sharp historical decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures. A notable example of an extended gene family is the chalcone synthase (CHS) family of genes, and particular genes in this family show universally higher expression in peels than in flesh, likely for the biosynthesis of urushiols and related phenols. Genome resequencing reveals two distinct groups of mango varieties, with commercial varieties clustered with India germplasms and demonstrating allelic admixture, and indigenous varieties from Southeast Asia in the second group. Landraces indigenous in China formed distinct clades, and some showed admixture in genomes. Conclusions: Analysis of chromosome-scale mango genome sequences reveals photosynthesis and lipid metabolism are preferentially retained after a recent WGD event, and expansion of CHS genes is likely associated with urushiol biosynthesis in mango. Genome resequencing clarifies two groups of mango varieties, discovers allelic admixture in commercial varieties, and shows distinct genetic background of landraces

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN