The cost-benefit of salmonella control in Swedish pigs

Analysis of the expected costs and benefits of salmonella control pre-harvest in the pork production has been performed on EU level (1). As optimal measures to begin salmonella control in pig production in a high prevalence situation are not known, estimates of the costs for initiating such a control include large uncertainties. However the costs for running a salmonella control program can be estimated in countries where such programs are in place. In Sweden, where approximately 3 million pigs are slaughtered yearly and the prevalence of salmonella is low, the cost of the control is shared by the tax payers and the producers

Fyrar och navigering

Fyrar och navigering Innehållsförteckning – Inledaren: Älska hemester av Pia Prost – Notiser – Navigering på Östersjön – lotsar, sjökort, farleder och fyrar av Pia Prost – Varningseldar i skärgården av Marcus Lepola – Att ta ner solen – ett hantverk med anor av Cecilia Lundberg – Flykt till Sydösterbotten i karta från 1532 av Anders Moliis-Mellberg – Imponerande frivilliginsatser inom Finlands Fyrsällskap av Fred Rosbäck – En vecka som talkoarbetare på Märkets fyr Lena Långbacka – Ett mäktigt sken från Sastmola i söder till Sälgrund i norr av Mia Henriksson – Nattlampan av Siv Skogman – Fiskefyrar restaureras på Åland av Lars Gottberg – Läsarnas fyrar – Besök Finlands fyrar! – Lotsarnas vardag på Rönnskärs lotsstation av Iris Sjöberg – Modern utbildning med långa anor av Cecilia Lundberg – Navigering nu och i framtiden Irina Wahlström & Magnus Hellström – En båtfarares (näst)bästa vän – sjöscouternas hamnbok av Nina Söderlund – Jungfrudanserna – en gåta som fortfarande gäckar oss av Thomas Rosenberg – 100 år av scouting och seglatser med Scoutkåren Pojkarna av Peter Rönnberg Bokhörnan: – Med kärlek till Pörtö skärgård – Fängslande fyrar i praktfull bok – Skärinytt – Sista bilde

Views on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease - an interview study with Swedish GPs

Background: General practitioners (GPs) have gradually become more involved in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), both through more frequent prescribing of pharmaceuticals and by giving advice regarding lifestyle factors. Most general practitioners are now faced with decisions about pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical treatment for primary prevention every day. The aim of this study was to explore, structure and describe the views on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice among Swedish GPs. Methods: Individual interviews were conducted with 21 GPs in southern Sweden. The interview transcripts were analysed using a qualitative approach, inspired by phenomenography. Results: Two main categories of description emerged during the analysis. One was the degree of reliance on research data regarding the predictability of real risk and the opportunities for primary prevention of CVD. The other was the allocation of responsibility between the patient and the doctor. The GPs showed different views, from being convinced of an actual and predictable risk for the individual to strongly doubting it; from relying firmly on protection from disease by pharmaceutical treatment to strongly questioning its effectiveness in individual cases; and from reliance on prevention of disease by non-pharmaceutical interventions to a total lack of reliance on such measures. Conclusions: The GPs' different views, regarding the rationale for and practical management of primary prevention of CVD, can be interpreted as a reflection of the complexity of patient counselling in primary prevention in clinical practice. The findings have implications for development and implementation of standard treatment guidelines, regarding long-time primary preventive treatment

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Med känslan som instrument. Pedagogers berättelser om barn i behov av särskilt stöd

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera vilken bild pedagoger har av barns behov av särskilt stöd, i relation till specialpedagogik i förskolan. Vi vill se hur pedagogerna talar om barns behov och under vilka villkor de behoven uppstår. Vi vill även se hur pedagoger talar om oron kring ett barn samt hur pedagogerna beskriver de resurser och stöd som finns på förskolan. Studien bygger på kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex verksamma förskollärare. Materialet vi samlade in bearbetades utifrån en tematisk narrativt analys och ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv. Pedagogerna talade om olika varierande behov, men de huvudsakliga problemområdena handlade om språkliga och sociala svårigheter. Pedagogernas oro kring ett barn beskrevs som en känsla de fick, vilket medförde att de därefter arbetade utifrån ett specialpedagogiskt tankesätt. När vi gjorde intervjuerna insåg vi att det handlade om så mycket mer än om specialpedagogik. Det kom fram skildringar om förskolan som fenomen, samhällets utveckling och hur barn har påverkats av det