The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation

Development and Validation of a Symptom-Based Activity Index for Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Standardized instruments are needed to assess the activity of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), to provide endpoints for clinical trials and observational studies. We aimed to develop and validate a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument and score, based on items that could account for variations in patients’ assessments of disease severity. We also evaluated relationships between patients’ assessment of disease severity and EoE-associated endoscopic, histologic, and laboratory findings

Qualtrics template files

The Master Template file includes the following questionnaires: • BDI (Beck Depression Inventory - 21Q)* • EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 90Q)* • Locus of Control (29Q)* • STAI-T (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait 20Q)* • STAI-S (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State 20Q)* • PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Scale 20Q)* • SHAPS (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale 14Q)* • VAS (Visual Analogue Scales -combined 6Q) • VAS (Visual Analogue Scales -individual 16Q) • EHI (Edinburgh Handedness Inventory) • BIS (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 30Q) • AGQ (Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire 29Q) • ASEC (Anti-depressant Side Effect Checklist 18Q) • PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire 9Q) • GAD-7 (Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7Q) • BFNE (Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation 8Q) • FPES (Fear of Positive Evaluation 10Q) • BFIN (Big Five Inventory 8Q) • RESES (Rosenberg Self Esteem 10Q) • DAS24 (Derriford Appearance - short 24Q) • STAXI-S (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory - State) • STAXI-T (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory - Trait) • STAXI-AEC (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory - Anger Expression and Control) • AMI (Apathy Motivation Index 18Q) • Epworth Sleepiness Scale (8Q) • HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 14Q) • PDQ (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire 20Q) • QUIP (Questionnaire for Impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson's 15Q) • UDPRS Part I nM-EDL (Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale) Part 1 - Non Motor Aspects Experiences of Daily Living (7Q) • UDPRS Part II M-EDL (Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale) Part 2 - Non Motor Aspects Experiences of Daily Living (13Q) • PDQ (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire 20Q) • RBDSQ (REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Screening 16Q) • BADS (behavioural activation for depression scale 25Q) • EROS (environmental reward observation scale 10Q) • MSPSS (multidimension scale of perceived social support 12Q) * = with scoring To use, download the file, then on qualtrics choose to Create a Project from Existing, select From a File and then navigate to select the Master Template file. This will be added to your library, and you can then rename it and remove or add questionnaires to suit your study. If you would like to to help add to the Master Template, feel free to do the above, and then add additional blocks of questions, and re-upload here (keeping the same file name as the download). The UDPRS III Motor Examination template is seperate, as an examiner rated scale - all the others are completed by participants