Estimating the Exposure–Response Relationships between Particulate Matter and Mortality within the APHEA Multicity Project

Several studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels of air pollutants, but in most of theses studies linear nonthreshold relations were assumed. We investigated the exposure–response association between ambient particles and mortality in the 22 European cities participating in the APHEA (Air Pollution and Health—A European Approach) project, which is the largest available European database. We estimated the exposure–response curves using regression spline models with two knots and then combined the individual city estimates of the spline to get an overall exposure–response relationship. To further explore the heterogeneity in the observed city-specific exposure–response associations, we investigated several city descriptive variables as potential effect modifiers that could alter the shape of the curve. We conclude that the association between ambient particles and mortality in the cities included in the present analysis, and in the range of the pollutant common in all analyzed cities, could be adequately estimated using the linear model. Our results confirm those previously reported in Europe and the United States. The heterogeneity found in the different city-specific relations reflects real effect modification, which can be explained partly by factors characterizing the air pollution mix, climate, and the health of the population

Prognostic Value of FLT3-Internal Tandem Duplication Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

PURPOSE The applicability of FLT3-internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITD) for assessing measurable residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in complete remission (CR) has been hampered by patient-specific duplications and potential instability of FLT3-ITD during relapse. Here, we comprehensively investigated the impact of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based FLT3-ITD MRD detection on treatment outcome in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed AML in relation to established prognostic factors at diagnosis and other MRD measurements, ie, mutant NPM1 and multiparameter flow cytometry. METHODS In 161 patients with de novo FLT3-ITD AML, NGS was performed at diagnosis and in CR after intensive remission induction treatment. FLT3-ITD MRD status was correlated with the cumulative incidence of relapse and overall survival (OS). RESULTS NGS-based FLT3-ITD MRD was present in 47 of 161 (29%) patients with AML. Presence of FLT3-ITD MRD was associated with increased risk of relapse (4-year cumulative incidence of relapse, 75% FLT3-ITD MRD v 33% no FLT3-ITD MRD; P < .001) and inferior OS (4-year OS, 31% FLT3-ITD MRD v 57% no FLT3-ITD MRD; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, detection of FLT3-ITD MRD in CR confers independent prognostic significance for relapse (hazard ratio, 3.55; P < .001) and OS (hazard ratio 2.51; P = .002). Strikingly, FLT3-ITD MRD exceeds the prognostic value of most generally accepted clinical and molecular prognostic factors, including the FLT3-ITD allelic ratio at diagnosis and MRD assessment by NGS-based mutant NPM1 detection or multiparameter flow cytometry. CONCLUSION NGS-based detection of FLT3-ITD MRD in CR identifies patients with AML with profound risk of relapse and death that outcompetes the significance of most established prognostic factors at diagnosis and during therapy, and furnishes support for FLT3-ITD as a clinically relevant biomarker for dynamic disease risk assessment in AML

Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With COPD : Results From the Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPERA)

Funding Information: FUNDING/SUPPORT: This work was supported by the German Center of Lung Research (DZL). COMPERA is funded by unrestricted grants from Acceleron , Actelion Pharmaceuticals , Bayer , OMT , and GSK . Funding Information: Financial/nonfinancial disclosures: The authors have reported to CHEST the following: C. D. V. has received fees for serving as a speaker, consultant, and an advisory board member from the following companies: Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, Dompè, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. M. M. H. has received speaker fees, honoraria, or both for consultations from Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, Janssen, MSD, and Pfizer. D. H. has received travel compensation from Actelion, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Shire. D. P. has received fees for consultations from Actelion, Aspen, Biogen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi, and Pfizer. N. B. received speaker fees from Bayer/MSD and Actelion/Janssen. K. M. O. has received speaker fees from Actelion, Bayer, and Lilly. H. A. G. has received honorariums for consultations, speaking at conferences, or both from Bayer HealthCare AG, Actelion, Encysive, Pfizer, Ergonex, Lilly, and Novartis. He is member of advisory boards for Bayer HealthCare AG, Pfizer, GSK, Actelion, Lilly, Merck, Encysive, and Ergonex. He also has received governmental grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Research (ECCPS), State Government of Hessen (LOEWE), and the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). M. Held has received speaker fees and honoraria for consultations from Actelion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Encysive, Glaxo Smith Kline, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Nycomed, Roche, and Servier. H. K. has received speaker fees and honoraria for consultations from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics and research grants from Actelion. T. J. L. has received speaker fees, honoraria for consultations, and research funding from Actelion, Acceleron Pharma, Bayer, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, MSD, and Pfizer. S. R. has received honoraria for lectures, consultancy, or both from Actavis, Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. D. D. declares honoraria for lectures, consultancy, or both from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, and Servier; participation in clinical trials for Actelion, Bayer, GSK, and Novartis; and research support to his institution from Actelion. R. B. has received fees from GSK, UT, Dompè, Bayer, Ferrer, MSD, and AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals. M. C. has received fees for consulting from GSK and speaker fees from Bayer and Pfizer. M. Halank has received speaker fees and/or honoraria for consultations from Acceleron, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BayerChemie, GSK, Janssen, MSD and Novartis. A. V.-N. reports receiving lecture fees from Actelion, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, and Pfizer; serves on the advisory board of Actelion and Bayer; and serves on steering committees for Actelion, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. D. S. received fees for lectures, consulting, research support, or a combination thereof to his institution from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, and Pfizer. R. E. has received speaker fees and honoraria for consultations from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. J. S. R. G. has received speaker fees and honoraria for consultations from Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, Complexa, GSK, MSD, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. M. D. has received investigator, speaker, consultant, or steering committee member fees from Actelion, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Eli Lilly, Encysive, Gilead (Myogen), GlaxoSmithKline, Nippon Shyniaku, Novartis, Pfizer, Schering, and United Therapeutics; educational grants from Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Therabel; and research grants from Actelion, Pfizer, and GlaxoSmithKline. She is holder of the Actelion Chair for Pulmonary Hypertension and of the GSK chair for research and education in pulmonary vascular pathology at the Catholic University of Leuven. J. C. has received fees for consultancies and lectures from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, United Therapeutics, and Pfizer as well as equipment and educational grants from Actelion. C. O. has received speaker fees and honoraria for consultations from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer. H. K. has received honoraria for lectures, consultancy, or both from Actelion-Janssen, Amicus Therapeutics, and Bristol Meyers Squibb. O. D. has or had consultancy relationships, has received research funding (last 3 years), or both from AbbVie, Actelion, Acceleron Pharma, Amgen, AnaMar, Baecon Discovery, Blade Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Catenion, Competitive Corpus, Drug Development International Ltd, CSL Behring, ChemomAb, Ergonex, Galapagos NV, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Horizon (Curzion) Pharmaceuticals, Inventiva, Italfarmaco, iQone, iQvia, Kymera Therapeutics, Lilly, medac, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Target Bio Science, and UCB in the area of potential treatments of scleroderma and its complications including PH. In addition, he has a patent mir-29 for the treatment of systemic sclerosis issued (US8247389, EP2331143). E. G. has received honoraria for consultations, speaking at conferences, or both from Bayer/MSD, Actelion/Janssen, GWT-TUD, and OMT/United Therapeutics. None declared (A. S.). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The AuthorsBackground: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD is a poorly investigated clinical condition. Research Question: Which factors determine the outcome of PH in COPD? Study Design and Methods: We analyzed the characteristics and outcome of patients enrolled in the Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPERA) with moderate or severe PH in COPD as defined during the 6th PH World Symposium who received medical therapy for PH and compared them with patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Results: The population included incident patients with moderate PH in COPD (n = 68), with severe PH in COPD (n = 307), and with IPAH (n = 489). Patients with PH in COPD were older, predominantly male, and treated mainly with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Despite similar hemodynamic impairment, patients with PH in COPD achieved a worse 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and showed a more advanced World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC). Transplant-free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were higher in the IPAH group than in the PH in COPD group (IPAH: 94%, 75%, and 55% vs PH in COPD: 86%, 55%, and 38%; P = .004). Risk factors for poor outcomes in PH in COPD were male sex, low 6MWD, and high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In patients with severe PH in COPD, improvements in 6MWD by ≥ 30 m or improvements in WHO FC after initiation of medical therapy were associated with better outcomes. Interpretation: Patients with PH in COPD were functionally more impaired and had a poorer outcome than patients with IPAH. Predictors of death in the PH in COPD group were sex, 6MWD, and PVR. Our data raise the hypothesis that some patients with severe PH in COPD may benefit from PH treatment. Randomized controlled studies are necessary to explore this hypothesis further. Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01347216; URL: www.clinicaltrials.govpublishersversionPeer reviewe

Medical treatment of pulmonary hypertension in adults with congenital heart disease : updated and extended results from the International COMPERA-CHD Registry

Funding Information: The authors are indebted to the COMPERA investigators and their staff. We explicitly thank Dr. Claudia S. Copeland for the professional editing of the final draft of the manuscript. Funding: COMPERA is funded by unrestricted grants from Acceleron, Actelion Pharmaceuticals (Janssen), Bayer, OMT and GSK. These companies were not involved in data analysis or the writing of this manuscript. Funding Information: ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https:// dx.doi.org/10.21037/cdt-21-351). The series “Current Management Aspects in Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD): Part IV” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. Dr. DH reports non-financial support from Actelion, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Shire, outside the submitted work; Dr. DP reports personal fees from Actelion, Biogen, Aspen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work; Dr. MD reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK and MSD, outside the submitted work; Dr. HAG reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, MSD, Pfizer and United Therapeutics, outside the submitted work; Dr. MG reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer and GSK, outside the submitted work; Dr. MMH reports personal fees from Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, MSD and Pfizer, outside the submitted work; Dr. CDV reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, MSD, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics, outside the submitted work; Dr. RE reports personal fees from Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, OMT, Bayer, and Berlin Chemie; grants from Actelion and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work; Dr. MH reports grants and personal fees from Actelion, personal fees from Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Janssen, Novartis and MSD, outside the submitted work; Dr. MH reports personal fees from Acceleron, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BERLIN CHEMIE, GSK, MSD, Novartis and OMT, outside the submitted work; Dr. HW reports personal fees from Action, Bayer, Biotest, Boehringer, GSK, Pfizer, and Roche, outside the submitted work; Dr. DS reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, and GSK, outside the submitted work; Dr. LS reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, and MSD, outside the submitted work; Dr. SU reports grants from Swiss National Science Foundation, Zurich Lung, Swiss Lung, and Orpha Swiss, grants and personal fees from Actelion SA/Johnson & Johnson, Switzerland, and MSD Switzerland, outside the submitted work; Dr. TJL reports personal fees from Actelion, Janssen-Cilag, BMS, MSD, and OMT GmbH, outside the submitted work; Dr. LB reports personal fees from Actelion, outside the submitted work; Dr. MC reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Roche Pharma, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work; Dr. HW reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, and Roche, outside the submitted work. Dr. EG reports personal fees from Actelion, Janssen, Bayer, MSD, Bial, OrPha Swiss GmbH, OMT and Medscape, outside the submitted work; Dr. SR reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead, MSD, and United Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare. Publisher Copyright: © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved.Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is common in congenital heart disease (CHD). Because clinical-trial data on PAH associated with CHD (PAH-CHD) remain limited, registry data on the long-term course are essential. This analysis aimed to update information from the COMPERA-CHD registry on management strategies based on real-world data. Methods: The prospective international pulmonary hypertension registry COMPERA has since 2007 enrolled more than 10,000 patients. COMPERA-CHD is a sub-registry for patients with PAH-CHD Results: A total of 769 patients with PAH-CHD from 62 specialized centers in 12 countries were included into COMPERA-CHD from January 2007 through September 2020. At the last follow-up in 09/2020, patients [mean age 45.3±16.8 years; 512 (66%) female] had either post-tricuspid shunts (n=359; 46.7%), pre-tricuspid shunts (n=249; 32.4%), complex CHD (n=132; 17.2%), congenital left heart or aortic valve or aortic disease (n=9; 1.3%), or miscellaneous CHD (n=20; 2.6%). The mean 6-minute walking distance was 369±121 m, and 28.2%, 56.0%, and 3.8% were in WHO functional class I/II, III or IV, respectively (12.0% unknown). Compared with the previously published COMPERA-CHD data, after 21 months of followup, the number of included PAH-CHD patients increased by 91 (13.4%). Within this group the number of Eisenmenger patients rose by 39 (16.3%), the number of “Non-Eisenmenger PAH” patients by 45 (26.9%). Currently, among the 674 patients from the PAH-CHD group with at least one follow-up, 450 (66.8%) received endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA), 416 (61.7%) PDE-5 inhibitors, 85 (12.6%) prostacyclin analogues, and 36 (5.3%) the sGC stimulator riociguat. While at first inclusion in the COMPERA-CHD registry, treatment was predominantly monotherapy (69.3%), this has shifted to favoring combination therapy in the current group (53%). For the first time, the nature, frequency, and treatment of significant comorbidities requiring supportive care and medication are described. Conclusions: Analyzing “real life data” from the international COMPERA-CHD registry, we present a comprehensive overview about current management modalities and treatment concepts in PAH-CHD. There was an trend towards more aggressive treatment strategies and combination therapies. In the future, particular attention must be directed to the “Non-Eisenmenger PAH” group and to patients with complex CHD, including Fontan patients.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Real-World Data from the International COMPERA-CHD Registry

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), aggravating the natural, post-operative, or post-interventional course of the underlying anomaly. The various CHDs differ substantially in characteristics, functionality, and clinical outcomes among each other and compared with other diseases with pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To describe current management strategies and outcomes for adults with PH in relation to different types of CHD based on real-world data. Methods and results: COMPERA (Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension) is a prospective, international PH registry comprising, at the time of data analysis, >8200 patients with various forms of PH. Here, we analyzed a subgroup of 680 patients with PH due to CHD, who were included between 2007 and 2018 in 49 specialized centers for PH and/or CHD located in 11 European countries. At enrollment, the patients’ median age was 44 years (67% female), and patients had either pre-tricuspid shunts, post-tricuspid shunts, complex CHD, congenital left heart or aortic disease, or miscellaneous other types of CHD. Upon inclusion, targeted therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) included endothelin receptor antagonists, PDE-5 inhibitors, prostacyclin analogues, and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. Eighty patients with Eisenmenger syndrome were treatment-naïve. While at inclusion the primary PAH treatment for the cohort was monotherapy (70% of patients), with 30% of the patients on combination therapy, after a median observation time of 45.3 months, the number of patients on combination therapy had increased significantly, to 50%. The use of oral anticoagulants or antiplatelets was dependent on the underlying diagnosis or comorbidities. In the entire COMPERA-CHD cohort, after follow-up and receiving targeted PAH therapy (n = 511), 91 patients died over the course of a 5-year follow up. The 5-year Kaplan–Meier survival estimate for CHD associated PH was significantly better than that for idiopathic PAH (76% vs. 54%; p < 0.001). Within the CHD associated PH group, survival estimates differed particularly depending on the underlying diagnosis and treatment status. Conclusions: In COMPERA-CHD, the overall survival of patients with CHD associated PH was dependent on the underlying diagnosis and treatment status, but was significantly better as than that for idiopathic PAH. Nevertheless, overall survival of patients with PAH due to CHD was still markedly reduced compared with survival of patients with other types of CHD, despite an increasing number of patients on PAH-targeted combination therapy

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension phenotypes determined by cluster analysis from the COMPERA registry

Funding Information: Marius M. Hoeper has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, MSD, and Pfizer. Nicola Benjamin has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion. Ekkehard Grünig has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, MSD, United Therapeutics, and Pfizer. Karen M. Olsson has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion, Bayer, United Therapeutics, GSK, and Pfizer. C. Dario Vizza has received fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, MSD, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics Europe. Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf has received fees for lectures and/or consultation from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, and MSD. Oliver Distler has/had a consultancy relationship with and/or has received research funding from 4-D Science, Actelion, Active Biotec, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, BMS, ChemoAb, EpiPharm, Ergonex, espeRare foundation, GSK, Genentech/Roche, Inventiva, Lilly, medac, MedImmune, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Pharmacyclics, Pfizer, Sanofi, Serodapharm, and Sinoxa in the area of potential treatments of scleroderma and its complications including pulmonary arterial hypertension. In addition, Prof Distler has a patent for mir-29 for the treatment of systemic sclerosis licensed. Christian Opitz has received fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Pfizer, and Novartis. J. Simon R. Gibbs has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion, Bayer, Bellerophon, GSK, MSD, and Pfizer. Marion Delcroix has received fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, and MSD. H. Ardeschir Ghofrani has received fees from Actelion, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, MSD, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. Doerte Huscher has received fees for lectures and consultations from Actelion. David Pittrow has received fees for consultations from Actelion, Biogen, Aspen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Sanofi. Stephan Rosenkranz has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead, MSD, and United Therapeutics. Martin Claussen reports honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Roche Pharma and for serving on advisory boards from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Heinrike Wilkens reports personal fees from Boehringer and Roche during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bayer, Biotest, Actelion, GSK, and Pfizer outside the submitted work. Juergen Behr received grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees for consultation or lectures from Actelion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Roche. Hubert Wirtz reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche outside the submitted work. Hening Gall reports personal fees from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, OMT, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics outside the submitted work. Elena Pfeuffer-Jovic reports personal fees from Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and OMT outside the submitted work. Laura Scelsi reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, and MSD outside the submitted work. Siliva Ulrich reports grants from Swiss National Science Foundation, Zurich Lung, Swiss Lung, and Orpha Swiss, and grants and personal fees from Actelion SA/Johnson & Johnson Switzerland and MSD Switzerland outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding Information: This work was supported by the German Centre of Lung Research (DZL). COMPERA is funded by unrestricted grants from Acceleron , Actelion Pharmaceuticals , Bayer , OMT , and GSK . These companies were not involved in data analysis or the writing of this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.The term idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is used to categorize patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension of unknown origin. There is considerable variability in the clinical presentation of these patients. Using data from the Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension, we performed a cluster analysis of 841 patients with IPAH based on age, sex, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO; <45% vs ≥45% predicted), smoking status, and presence of comorbidities (obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes mellitus). A hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithm was performed using Ward's minimum variance method. The clusters were analyzed in terms of baseline characteristics; survival; and response to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapy, expressed as changes from baseline to follow-up in functional class, 6-minute walking distance, cardiac biomarkers, and risk. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (n = 106; 12.6%): median age 45 years, 76% females, no comorbidities, mostly never smokers, DLCO ≥45%; Cluster 2 (n = 301; 35.8%): median age 75 years, 98% females, frequent comorbidities, no smoking history, DLCO mostly ≥45%; and Cluster 3 (n = 434; 51.6%): median age 72 years, 72% males, frequent comorbidities, history of smoking, and low DLCO. Patients in Cluster 1 had a better response to PAH treatment than patients in the 2 other clusters. Survival over 5 years was 84.6% in Cluster 1, 59.2% in Cluster 2, and 42.2% in Cluster 3 (unadjusted p < 0.001 for comparison between all groups). The population of patients diagnosed with IPAH is heterogenous. This cluster analysis identified distinct phenotypes, which differed in clinical presentation, response to therapy, and survival.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Soil resource supply influences faunal size–specific distributions in natural food webs

The large range of body-mass values of soil organisms provides a tool to assess the ecological organization of soil communities. The goal of this paper is to identify graphical and quantitative indicators of soil community composition and ecosystem functioning, and to illustrate their application to real soil food webs. The relationships between log-transformed mass and abundance of soil organisms in 20 Dutch meadows and heathlands were investigated. Using principles of allometry, maximal use can be made of ecological theory to build and explain food webs. The aggregate contribution of small invertebrates such as nematodes to the entire community is high under low soil phosphorus content and causes shifts in the mass–abundance relationships and in the trophic structures. We show for the first time that the average of the trophic link lengths is a reliable predictor for assessing soil fertility responses. Ordered trophic link pairs suggest a self-organizing structure of food webs according to resource availability and can predict environmental shifts in ecologically meaningful ways

Does Presentation Format Influence Visual Size Discrimination in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)?

Most experimental paradigms to study visual cognition in humans and non-human species are based on discrimination tasks involving the choice between two or more visual stimuli. To this end, different types of stimuli and procedures for stimuli presentation are used, which highlights the necessity to compare data obtained with different methods. The present study assessed whether, and to what extent, capuchin monkeys\u27 ability to solve a size discrimination problem is influenced by the type of procedure used to present the problem. Capuchins\u27 ability to generalise knowledge across different tasks was also evaluated. We trained eight adult tufted capuchin monkeys to select the larger of two stimuli of the same shape and different sizes by using pairs of food items (Experiment 1), computer images (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). Our results indicated that monkeys achieved the learning criterion faster with food stimuli compared to both images and objects. They also required consistently fewer trials with objects than with images. Moreover, female capuchins had higher levels of acquisition accuracy with food stimuli than with images. Finally, capuchins did not immediately transfer the solution of the problem acquired in one task condition to the other conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that - even in relatively simple visual discrimination problems where a single perceptual dimension (i.e., size) has to be judged - learning speed strongly depends on the mode of presentation