Optimización de una red Lan después de un ataque Ddos detectado con técnicas de inteligencia artificial

El ataque de Denegación de Servicios Distribuidos (DDoS) es uno de los ciberataques más peligrosos en el Internet, ya que puede afectar a cualquier servidor en cualquier tipo de red, causando problemas de conectividad e incluso la pérdida total de los servicios. El desarrollo del Machine Learning ha permitido resolver problemas computacionales de seguridad y es frecuentemente utilizado para la defensa contra ciberataques. En este artículo se propone la construcción de una topología de red, en la cual se aplican varios ataques de DDoS, que posteriormente serán detectados por tres algoritmos de clasificación de Machine Learning. A partir de la recolección de datos circulantes en la red se obtuvo un dataset, con muestras de tráfico normal y paquetes de tipo malicioso, sobre el cual se realizaron las pruebas experimentales. En la tarea de clasificación, el algoritmo de aprendizaje supervisado con el mejor rendimiento fue Random Forest, con un accuracy del 100%. Finalmente, cuando se ha detectado que la red se encuentra bajo un ataque DDoS, se aplica el algoritmo de optimización de Dijkstra para encontrar una ruta alternativa que permita mitigar la sobresaturación de la red. Se plantearon dos escenarios, el primero que analiza la ruta óptima en una red bajo ataque y otra sin afectación. Los resultados muestran que la red se reconfigura para evitar las rutas donde se aplicó la detección de ataques DDoS.The Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the most dangerous cyberattacks on the Internet, so can affect any server on any type of network, causing connectivity problems and even total loss of services. Machine learning can solve computational security problems and is frequently used to defend against cyber-attacks. This article proposes the construction of a network topology where several DDoS attacks were applied, which will be detected by three Machine Learning classification algorithms. A dataset was generated from the collection of packets circulating in the network with samples of normal traffic and malicious packets, on which the experimental tests were carried out. In the classification task, the best performing supervised learning algorithm was Random Forest, with a scoring accuracy of 100%. Finally, upon detecting a DDoS attack on the network, Dijkstra's optimization algorithm is applied to find an alternative route to mitigate network oversaturation. Two scenarios were proposed, the first analyzes the optimal route in an attacked network and the second without attacks. The results show reconfiguration in the network to avoid routes where DDoS attack detection was applied

INSIGHTS INTO THE HABITS OF THE ELUSIVE NOCTURNAL CURASSOW (NOTHOCRAX URUMUTUM)

Nocturnal curassows (Nothocrax urumutum) are one of the most enigmatic birds from South American rainforests. Their elusive habits and their nocturnal vocal behavior have led to the generalized assumption that they differ from other curassows in their presumable nocturnal habits. Here, we compiled camera trap data from long term projects in the Amazon rainforest and the Andes Cordillera piedmont to describe the temporal activity of Nocturnal Curassows. Based on an overall sampling effort of 68838 camera nights we obtained 274 independent records of their activity. The results of this study evidence that Nothocrax has diurnal habits and resembles in activity patterns to all other cracids more than previously expected. This study highlights the use of novel technologies and collaborative research towards the understanding of the natural history, ecology and behavior of animals with cryptic behaviors such as the Nocturnal Curassows

Turismo y Género. Una mirada desde Iberoamérica

En las últimas cuatro décadas ha crecido el interés de la academia, gobiernos y organizaciones internacionales por estudiar cómo ha sido, en qué circunstancias y qué efectos ha traído la incorporación de las mujeres al turismo. De esta forma se inicia un debate internacional en el que se cuestionan, por un lado, los efectos negativos de esta actividad en la vida de las mujeres y, por el otro, se realzan beneficios económicos que mejoran su calidad de vida y la de sus familias. A pesar del interés y la importante participación de mujeres en el sector turístico, aún son insuficientes los estudios enfocados en explicar y evidenciar su situación laboral. En este contexto, surge la idea de publicar un libro que compilara trabajos recientes en torno a las condiciones de las trabajadoras en el sector turístico de Iberoamérica.Esta obra se compone de tres secciones, Aproximaciones teórico metodológicas, Mujer y turismo en zonas rurales y La mujer en empresas turísticas, cuyas investigaciones abordan distintos temas para evidenciar los problemas enfrentados por las mujeres, proponer diversas soluciones y comprender su escenario laboral. En la primera sección, hay dos capítulos que proponen marcos teóricos para analizar el empoderamiento de las mujeres en el turismo rural. Los resultados de investigaciones de la segunda sección visibilizan las desigualdades, reflexionan y proponen acciones para mejorar las condiciones de las trabajadoras turísticas. En la última, en los tres capítulos, concentrados en las actividades empresariales, se estudian las desventajas y obstáculos de la empleada en alguna compañía turística.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Effectiveness of an mHealth intervention combining a smartphone app and smart band on body composition in an overweight and obese population: Randomized controlled trial (EVIDENT 3 study)

Background: Mobile health (mHealth) is currently among the supporting elements that may contribute to an improvement in health markers by helping people adopt healthier lifestyles. mHealth interventions have been widely reported to achieve greater weight loss than other approaches, but their effect on body composition remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to assess the short-term (3 months) effectiveness of a mobile app and a smart band for losing weight and changing body composition in sedentary Spanish adults who are overweight or obese. Methods: A randomized controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted involving the participation of 440 subjects from primary care centers, with 231 subjects in the intervention group (IG; counselling with smartphone app and smart band) and 209 in the control group (CG; counselling only). Both groups were counselled about healthy diet and physical activity. For the 3-month intervention period, the IG was trained to use a smartphone app that involved self-monitoring and tailored feedback, as well as a smart band that recorded daily physical activity (Mi Band 2, Xiaomi). Body composition was measured using the InBody 230 bioimpedance device (InBody Co., Ltd), and physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: The mHealth intervention produced a greater loss of body weight (–1.97 kg, 95% CI –2.39 to –1.54) relative to standard counselling at 3 months (–1.13 kg, 95% CI –1.56 to –0.69). Comparing groups, the IG achieved a weight loss of 0.84 kg more than the CG at 3 months. The IG showed a decrease in body fat mass (BFM; –1.84 kg, 95% CI –2.48 to –1.20), percentage of body fat (PBF; –1.22%, 95% CI –1.82% to 0.62%), and BMI (–0.77 kg/m2, 95% CI –0.96 to 0.57). No significant changes were observed in any of these parameters in men; among women, there was a significant decrease in BMI in the IG compared with the CG. When subjects were grouped according to baseline BMI, the overweight group experienced a change in BFM of –1.18 kg (95% CI –2.30 to –0.06) and BMI of –0.47 kg/m2 (95% CI –0.80 to –0.13), whereas the obese group only experienced a change in BMI of –0.53 kg/m2 (95% CI –0.86 to –0.19). When the data were analyzed according to physical activity, the moderate-vigorous physical activity group showed significant changes in BFM of –1.03 kg (95% CI –1.74 to –0.33), PBF of –0.76% (95% CI –1.32% to –0.20%), and BMI of –0.5 kg/m2 (95% CI –0.83 to –0.19). Conclusions: The results from this multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial study show that compared with standard counselling alone, adding a self-reported app and a smart band obtained beneficial results in terms of weight loss and a reduction in BFM and PBF in female subjects with a BMI less than 30 kg/m2 and a moderate-vigorous physical activity level. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to ensure that this profile benefits more than others from this intervention and to investigate modifications of this intervention to achieve a global effect

El destí en el vent

El projecte de final de grau consisteix en la realització d'un producte audiovisual d'entreteniment. S'ha produït un curtmetratge creatiu utilitzant la tècnica d'animació stop motion. El vídeo narra, a través de dos fulls de paper, un relat inventat que parla de l'amor impossible, "El destí en el vent".El proyecto de fin de grado consiste en la realización de un producto audiovisual de entretenimiento. Se ha producido un cortometraje creativo utilizando la técnica de animación stop motion. El vídeo narra, a través de dos hojas de papel, un relato inventado que habla del amor imposible, "El destí en el vent".Bachelor thesis for the Multimedia program on Computer Science

The role of population origin and microenvironment in seedling emergence and early survival in Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton).

Understanding tree recruitment is needed to forecast future forest distribution. Many studies have reported the relevant ecological factors that affect recruitment success in trees, but the potential for genetic-based differences in recruitment has often been neglected. In this study, we established a semi-natural reciprocal sowing experiment to test for local adaptation and microenvironment effects (evaluated here by canopy cover) in the emergence and early survival of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), an emblematic Mediterranean forest tree. A novel application of molecular markers was also developed to test for family selection and, thus, for potential genetic change over generations. Overall, we did not find evidence to support local adaptation at the recruitment stage in our semi-natural experiment. Moreover, only weak family selection (if any) was found, suggesting that in stressful environments with low survival, stochastic processes and among-year climate variability may drive recruitment. Nevertheless, our study revealed that, at early stages of recruitment, microenvironments may favor the population with the best adapted life strategy, irrespectively of its (local or non-local) origin. We also found that emergence time is a key factor for seedling survival in stressful Mediterranean environments. Our study highlights the complexity of the factors influencing the early stages of establishment of maritime pine and provides insights into possible management actions aimed at environmental change impact mitigation. In particular, we found that the high stochasticity of the recruitment process in stressful environments and the differences in population-specific adaptive strategies may difficult assisted migration schemes

Entrenamiento en Mindfulness para Pacientes con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH): una Revisión Descriptiva

Introduction and Objectives: The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and often persists into adulthood. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments are the most effective interventions. To overcome some of their deficiencies there has been an interest in new treatments. Mindfulness has emerged as a promising approach to address core symptoms of the disorder and other related conditions. The aim of this work is to perform a descriptive review to investigate evidence of mindfulness-based treatments for people with ADHD. Method: A search was performed in Pubmed electronic database, using the keywords “mindfulness”, “ADHD”, “Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity”. Inclusion criteria were: articles in English that study mindfulness-based treatments for patients (children and adults) with ADHD. Seven publications met the criteria to be part of the final sample. Results: Positive results were obtained in all the works referring to the reduction of attentional and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms (in some cases reductions over 30% of symptoms) as measured by self-report. The results obtained with neuropsychological tasks were not as favorable or consistent. Discussion: Mindfulness-based interventions to treat ADHD patients have shown promising results. Future research will need to incorporate methodological improvements; increase the size of the samples, control groups, clinical evaluations, neuropsychological tests and examine the long-term effects of treatment.Introducción y Objetivos: El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo más frecuentes en la infancia y a menudo persiste en la edad adulta. Los tratamientos conductuales y farmacológicos constituyen las intervenciones más eficaces. Para paliar algunos de sus déficits ha surgido un interés en nuevos tratamientos. El mindfulness (atención plena) se ha posicionado como una aproximación prometedora para abordar síntomas nucleares del trastorno y otras afecciones relacionadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión descriptiva para investigar la evidencia de los tratamientos basados en mindfulness para personas con TDAH.Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos electrónica Pubmed, utilizando las palabras clave "mindfulness", "ADHD", "attention deficit disorder with Hyperactivity". Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos en inglés que emplearan intervenciones basadas en mindfulness para tratar pacientes (niños y adultos) con TDAH. Siete publicaciones cumplieron los criterios de selección para formar parte de la muestra.Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados positivos en todos los trabajos en referencia a la disminución de la sintomatología atencional e hiperactiva/impulsiva (en algunos casos reducciones superiores al 30% de los síntomas) medida a través de autoinformes. Los resultados en tareas neuropsicológicas no fueron tan favorables ni consistentes.Discusión: Las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness para tratar pacientes con TDAH han mostrado resultados prometedores. En futuras investigaciones será necesario incorporar mejoras metodológicas; incrementar el tamaño de las muestras, grupos control, evaluaciones clínicas, incluir pruebas neuropsicológicas y examinar los efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento

Climate and population origin shape pine tree height-diameter allometry

Tree height-diameter allometry, the link between tree height and trunk diameter, reflects the evolutionary response of a particular species’ allocation patterns to above and belowground resources. As a result, it differs among and within species due to both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. These phenotypic variations in tree height-diameter allometry determine tree productivity, resistance and resilience to climate variation and, ultimately, the success of plant material used in restoration projects. We tested the effect of climate change and population origin on the phenotypic variation of tree allometry in four pine species at an early stage of development (ca. 11 years old) based upon data originated from multi-site provenance tests and planted along a wide climatic range in south-western Europe. For a representative sample of populations from each species, we used already-developed species-specific height-diameter allometric models to assess changes in allometry between present and future climatic conditions. We found that Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinaster were the most plastic species, while Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra showed negligible plastic responses. In addition, our models stressed that pine tree height-diameter allometry will change and phenotypic variation could increase, except in P. sylvestris, under future environmental conditions. For some of the species, this might allow the selection of phenotypes better suited to novel climatic conditions. These foreseeable changes in tree height-diameter allometry (among and within-species) could entail eco-evolutionary effects on the early forest plantation dynamics. Therefore, restoration and reforestation plans should consider these effects, as they may interfere with production and/or environmental goals