20 research outputs found

    Down-regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) gene expression in the colon of piglets is linked to bacterial protein fermentation and pro- inflammatory cytokine-mediated signalling

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    The present study investigated the influence of bacterial metabolites on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression in pigs using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro approaches. Piglets (n 24) were fed high-protein (26 %) or low- protein (18 %) diets with or without fermentable carbohydrates. Colonic digesta samples were analysed for a broad range of bacterial metabolites. The expression of MCT1, TNF-伪, interferon 纬 (IFN-纬) and IL-8 was determined in colonic tissue. The expression of MCT1 was lower and of TNF-伪 and IL-8 was higher with high-protein diets (P< 0路05). MCT1 expression was positively correlated with l-lactate, whereas negatively correlated with NH3 and putrescine (P< 0路05). The expression of IL-8 and TNF-伪 was negatively correlated with l-lactate and positively correlated with NH3 and putrescine, whereas the expression of IFN-纬 was positively correlated with histamine and 4-ethylphenol (P< 0路05). Subsequently, porcine colonic tissue and Caco-2 cells were incubated with Na-butyrate, NH4Cl or TNF-伪 as selected bacterial metabolites or mediators of inflammation. Colonic MCT1 expression was higher after incubation with Na-butyrate (P< 0路05) and lower after incubation with NH4Cl or TNF-伪 (P< 0路05). Incubation of Caco-2 cells with increasing concentrations of these metabolites confirmed the up-regulation of MCT1 expression by Na-butyrate (linear, P< 0路05) and down-regulation by TNF-伪 and NH4Cl (linear, P< 0路05). The high-protein diet decreased the expression of MCT1 in the colon of pigs, which appears to be linked to NH3- and TNF-伪-mediated signalling

    Nueva escala simplificada basada en el sistema Possum para la predicci贸n del riesgo quir煤rgico en cirug铆a digestiva urgente

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    La complejidad de las auditor铆as m茅dico-quir煤rgicas radica en la dificultad para definir objetivos y est谩ndares que permitan comparar resultados. Debido a la composici贸n de cada casu铆stica, las cifras crudas de morbi-mortalidad deben corregirse y ajustarse al riesgo. La escala POSSUM (compuesta por 18 variables, 12 fisiol贸gicas y 6 operatorias) agrupa a los pacientes quir煤rgicos en base al riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad y podr铆a ser una herramienta 煤til para realizar auditor铆as quir煤rgicas.. Para emplear un sistema de predicci贸n de riesgo fuera del contexto original en el que se desarroll贸, es necesario validar sus prestaciones en la nueva poblaci贸n diana. En el presente estudio, se aplic贸 la escala POSSUM en un Servicio de Cirug铆a General y del Aparato Digestivo de un hospital terciario, y se comprob贸 que sobreestima el riesgo de morbilidad en la cirug铆a gastrointestinal. A continuaci贸n, se compar贸 el comportamiento de la escala entre la cirug铆a gastrointestinal programada y urgente. POSSUM estim贸 adecuadamente el riesgo de morbilidad de la cirug铆a gastrointestinal programada. Sin embargo, sobreestim贸 ese riesgo en la cirug铆a gastrointestinal de urgencias, donde los resultados observados fueron mejores que los esperados. La cirug铆a urgente engloba tanto a aquellos pacientes que ingresaban de forma urgente por patolog铆a adquirida en la comunidad (urgencias comunitarias), como a aquellos que habiendo sido ya intervenidos sufren durante el mismo ingreso una complicaci贸n en el postoperatorio que requiere una reintervenci贸n quir煤rgica urgente (urgencias nosocomiales). En el siguiente cap铆tulo se decidi贸 descartar las urgencias nosocomiales y centrar el estudio en las urgencias comunitarias, ya que representan una importante proporci贸n de todas las intervenciones de un servicio de Cirug铆a General y del Aparato Digestivo. Por ello, el siguiente objetivo consisti贸 en definir unas nuevas f贸rmulas basadas en la escala POSSUM para predecir el riesgo de morbilidad en la cirug铆a gastrointestinal urgente. Se dise帽贸 un estudio descriptivo prospectivo centrado en 2361 pacientes que recibieron una intervenci贸n quir煤rgica urgente por patolog铆a adquirida en la comunidad. Las primeras 1000 cirug铆as consecutivas constituyeron la cohorte de desarrollo del nuevo modelo; las siguientes 1000 cirug铆as constituyeron la cohorte de primera validaci贸n; y los 361 casos restantes, pertenecientes a otro hospital, constituyeron la cohorte de segunda validaci贸n externa. Primero, se desarroll贸 una escala POSSUM modificada incluyendo las mismas variables que la original. A continuaci贸n, se crearon dos nuevas escalas que llamamos LUCENTUM (aLicante sUrgical Community Emergencies New Tool for the enUmeration of Morbidities): 1) LUCENTUM Regression Log铆stica (RL), seleccion贸 5 variables: edad, sodio, leucocitos, hemoglobina y complejidad quir煤rgica; y 2) LUCENTUM CHAID (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector), incluy贸 4 variables: fallo cardiaco, sodio, complejidad quir煤rgica y exudado peritoneal. Con la nueva escala POSSUM modificada se obtuvieron mejores resultados de predicci贸n que los estimados por la escala original. Las nuevas escalas LUCENTUM estimaron mejor el riesgo de morbilidad de la cirug铆a gastrointestinal de urgencias en las tres cohortes del estudio. En conclusi贸n, una nueva escala POSSUM modificada y dos nuevas escalas LUCENTUM, estiman adecuadamente el riesgo de morbilidad en la cirug铆a gastrointestinal de urgencias adquiridas en la comunidad

    Estudio de la inclusi贸n de la glicerina procedente de la elaboraci贸n de biodiesel en la alimentaci贸n de la especie porcina =Study of the inclusion of crude glycerin from biodiesel production in pig diets

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    El objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral es evaluar la inclusi贸n de la glicerina bruta procedente de la elaboraci贸n de biodiesel en la alimentaci贸n de la especie porcina. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo se dise帽aron tres cap铆tulos experimentales. En el cap铆tulo uno se estudi贸 el efecto de la adici贸n de glicerina en la fabricaci贸n del pienso, as铆 como su influencia sobre el rendimiento productivo y digestibilidad de los nutrientes en cerdos de crecimiento-cebo. Se formularon tres piensos con 0, 2.5 y 5% de glicerina bruta. El estudio de los efectos de la glicerina sobre el rendimiento productivo se realiz贸 con 240 machos castrados, usando un programa de alimentaci贸n en dos fases (crecimiento y cebo). Tambi茅n se recogieron muestras de sangre para determinar las concentraciones de glucosa, fructosamina e IGF-1. Adem谩s, nueve cerdos machos fueron alojados en jaulas metab贸licas para determinar los coeficientes de digestibilidad fecal, as铆 como los balances de nitr贸geno y minerales. En conclusi贸n, la inclusi贸n de glicerina antes de la granulaci贸n mejor贸 la eficiencia en la fabricaci贸n del pienso. La inclusi贸n de hasta un 5% de glicerina bruta en el pienso de cerdos de crecimiento-cebo no tuvo efectos sobre el rendimiento productivo, metabolitos sangu铆neos, digestibilidad de nutrientes y balance de nitr贸geno. En el cap铆tulo dos se determin贸 el efecto de la inclusi贸n de glicerina sobre el rendimiento productivo, digestibilidad de los nutrientes y nivel de hormonas sangu铆neas en cerdos de cruce de ib茅rico criados en r茅gimen de explotaci贸n intensivo. Se usaron 80 cerdos cruzados (hembras ib茅ricas x machos Duroc) de ambos sexos durante un periodo de 101 d铆as. Los niveles de inclusi贸n de glicerina en el pienso fueron 0 y 10%. Los cerdos alimentados con glicerina tuvieron mayor ganancia media diaria y consumo medio diario que los del grupo control. La digestibilidad de los nutrientes no se vio afectada por la inclusi贸n de glicerina. Sin embargo, se observ贸 una tendencia para la grelina acilada, siendo mayor en los cerdos alimentados con glicerina. En conclusi贸n, 100 g/kg de glicerina bruta pueden reemplazar parcialmente al trigo en el pienso de cerdos de cruce de ib茅rico sin afectar a la eficiencia del pienso ni a la digestibilidad de los nutrientes. En el cap铆tulo tres, se evalu贸 el efecto de la adici贸n de glicerina sobre los par谩metros productivos de cerdas y camadas, y se determinaron las concentraciones plasm谩ticas de hormonas relacionadas con el metabolismo y la ingesti贸n de pienso, en cerdas durante la gestaci贸n y la lactaci贸n. Sesenta y tres cerdas fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de los tres tratamientos, que conten铆an 0, 3 o 6% de glicerina. Durante la gestaci贸n, no hubo efecto sobre ninguna variable de rendimiento, mientras que en lactaci贸n, las cerdas alimentadas con glicerina consumieron menos pienso. En la gestaci贸n, las cerdas alimentadas con glicerina mostraron menor nivel de grelina acilada y mayor nivel de leptina. En lactaci贸n, la adici贸n de glicerina en el pienso no tuvo efecto sobre los niveles de ninguna de las hormonas medidas. Antes de la distribuci贸n del alimento, la concentraci贸n de grelina acilada estuvo positivamente correlacionada con el cortisol, tanto en gestaci贸n como en lactaci贸n. En conclusi贸n, la inclusi贸n de hasta un 6% de glicerina bruta en el pienso puede reemplazar parcialmente al ma铆z sin afectar el rendimiento de las cerdas en gestaci贸n, pero no en lactaci贸n. Nuestros resultados tambi茅n sugieren la existencia de una relaci贸n entre la inclusi贸n de glicerina en el pienso y los niveles sangu铆neos de algunas hormonas reguladoras del apetito. The general aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin from biodiesel production in pig diets. To achieve this objective, three experimental chapters were designed. In chapter one, we studied the effects of crude glycerin on pellet production efficiency and growth performance and digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. Three dietary treatments were created by addition of 0, 2.5 or 5% glycerin to diets. A performance trial was conducted with 240 barrows using a 2-phase feeding program. Also blood samples were collected to determine circulating glucose, fructosamine and IGF-1 concentrations. Additionally, nine male pigs were housed in metabolic cages to determine the coefficients of apparent fecal digestibility and nitrogen and mineral balances. In conclusion, adding crude glycerin to the diet before pelleting improved feed mill production efficiency. Up to 5% crude glycerin can be fed to growing-finishing pigs without affecting growth performance, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. In chapter two, we determined the effect of crude glycerin addition on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood hormone levels of Iberian crossbred pigs kept under intensive conditions. Eighty crossbred pigs (Iberian gilts Duroc boars) of both sexes were used over a period of 101. Treatments were arranged in a 2 脳 2 factorial design, the factors being dietary treatment (control or 10% glycerin) and gender (barrow or gilt). Glycerin-fed pigs had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake than pigs fed the control diet. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by dietary treatment. However, there was a tendency for acyl-ghrelin levels to be higher in glycerin-fed pigs. In conclusion, 100 g/kg of glycerin can partially replace wheat without affecting feed efficiency or nutrient digestibility in Iberian crossbred pigs. In chapter three, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of crude glycerin on sow and litter performance, and to determine the plasmatic levels of hormones related to energy metabolism and feed intake in sows during gestation and lactation. Sixty three sows were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments, containing 0, 3 and 6% glycerin. During gestation, there was no effect of dietary treatment on any performance variable, while during lactation glycerin-fed sows consumed less feed than those fed the control diet. In gestation, sows fed glycerin showed lower and higher levels of acyl-ghrelin and leptin, respectively. In lactating sows, there were no differences between dietary treatments for any of the hormones measured. Before feeding, the acyl-ghrelin concentration was positively correlated with the cortisol during gestation and lactation. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 6% crude glycerin in the diet can partially replace corn without affecting the performance of pregnant sows, but not during lactation. Our results also suggest a relationship between glycerin inclusion in the diet and the serum levels of some feed intake regulating hormones

    Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs

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    The physiological role of the gastrointestinal microbiota has become an important subject of nutrition research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intestine. The amount of fermentable protein depends on factors such as dietary protein concentration, protein digestibility due to secondary or tertiary structure, the interaction with dietary compounds or anti-nutritional factors, and the secretion of endogenous proteins into the gut lumen. High protein diets increase the luminal concentrations and epithelial exposure to putatively toxic metabolites and increase the risk for post-weaning diarrhea, but the mechanisms are not yet clarified. Although the use of fermentable carbohydrates to reduce harmful protein-derived metabolites in pigs is well-established, recent studies suggest that the inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates into diets with low protein digestibility or high dietary protein level may not ameliorate all negative effects with regard to epithelial response. Based on the current knowledge, the use of diets with low levels of high-quality protein may help to reduce the risk for intestinal disease in young pigs

    Diets high in heat-treated soybean meal reduce the histamine-induced epithelial response in the colon of weaned piglets and increase epithelial catabolism of histamine.

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    We examined the influence of dietary fermentable protein (fCP) and fermentable carbohydrates (fCHO) on the colonic epithelial response to histamine in pigs. Thirty-two weaned piglets were fed 4 diets in a 2 脳 2 factorial design with low fCP/low fCHO, low fCP/high fCHO, high fCP/low fCHO and high fCP/high fCHO. After 21-23 days, the pigs were killed and tissue from the proximal colon was stimulated with carbachol, histamine, PGE2 or sodium hydrogen sulphide in Ussing chambers. Changes in short-circuit current and tissue conductance were measured. Diamine oxidase, histamine N-methyltransferase, stem cell growth factor receptor, Fc-epsilon receptor I and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene expression was determined. Activities of diamine oxidase and histamine N-methyltransferase and numbers of colonic mast cells were measured. The change in the short-circuit current in response to histamine was lower (P = 0.002) and tended to be lower for PGE2 (P = 0.053) in high fCP groups compared to low fCP groups, irrespective of fCHO. Additionally, the change in tissue conductance after the application of histamine was lower (P = 0.005) in the high fCP groups. The expression of histamine N-methyltransferase mRNA (P = 0.033) and the activities of diamine oxidase (P = 0.001) and histamine N-methyltransferase (P = 0.006) were higher with high fCP in comparison with low fCP. The expression of mast cell markers, stem cell growth factor receptor (P = 0.005) and Fc-epsilon receptor I (P = 0.049) was higher with high fCP diets compared to diets low in fCP, whereas the mast cell count did not differ between groups. The expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator was reduced (P = 0.001) with high fCP diets compared to low fCP diets. The lower epithelial response to histamine and PGE2 and elevated epithelial histamine inactivation suggests an adaptation to high fCP diets
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