Combined use of geophysical methods and remote techniques for characterizing the fracture network of a potential unstable cliff site (the “Roche du Midi”, Vercors massif, France)

International audienceStability assessment of a cliff strongly depends on the fracture pattern and the face topography. Geological observations as well as classical geodetic measurements are difficult to perform on high nearly vertical cliffs like the ones surrounding the town of Grenoble (French Alps). In this study we combine remote and ground imaging techniques for characterizing the geometry and the fracture pattern of potential unstable cliff sites. A Dense Digital Surface Model (DDSM) of the rock face can now be obtained from laser scanning (Lidar) or photogrammetry. These techniques are safer and quicker than direct measurements. They offer the possibility to collect structural data and to sample the shape of the outcrop at a centimetric resolution. We applied these two techniques to a potential unstable site (the “Roche du Midi”, Vercors massif) for determining the main fracture families affecting the rock mass and we obtained results similar to direct measurements performed on the nearby outcrops and on the cliff face itself. The laser scanning data suffers a bias in the illumination of the site. Geophysical experiments were also conducted on the plateau and on the cliff face in order to delineate the fracture pattern inside the rock mass. ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography) and GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) profiles were performed on the plateau and allowed near-vertical open fractures to be located in the vicinity of the surface. Best geophysical results in terms of penetration and resolution were however obtained from GPR profiles conducted directly on the cliff face. Laser scanning data were combined with GPR data in order to take into account the shape of the sampled profiles. The combination of vertical and short horizontal profiles allowed the strike and dip of the discontinuities to be determined. The two main families were imaged, as well as a major continuous inward dipping reflector which was not shown during the initial reconnaissance. Further investigation inside the mass effectively showed the existence of this fracture. These results highlight the power of the GPR technique in characterizing the discontinuity pattern inside rock mass for improving the model in view of hazard assessment

Substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines : microwave assisted, solvent free synthesis and biological evaluation

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of various pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines using microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions. The advantages of applying microwave irradiation compared with the classical method were demonstrated. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by the usual techniques and in two cases by X-ray analysis. The compounds did not display appreciable ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. Screening for antifungal activity showed that some derivatives were active against four fungi, with more significant results for Botrytis.FEDERFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) - I&D 226/2003, POCTI-SFA-3-686), SFRH/BPD/20816/ 2004)Xunta de Galicia - PGIDIT05PXIB26201PR,PR405A098/59-

Crustal structures of the Rhinegraben and the Massif Central grabens: An experimental approach

International audienceTwo of the most improtant segments of the west European Rift, the Rhinegraben and the Massif Central grabens, show in plan and cross section a very different crustal structure

Sacramentalité de l’épiscopat et conciliarisme du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle

À partir de la fin du XIIe siècle, la plupart des théologiens ont remis en question la sacramentalité de l’épiscopat. L’article revient, dans une première partie, sur les raisons de ce changement fondamental et sur la décision du concile Vatican II de se prononcer en faveur de la sacramentalité de l’épiscopat. Dans un deuxième temps, l’auteur examine quelques théologiens et canonistes entre la fin du concile de Trente et le XVIIIe siècle (Bellarmin, Bolgeni, Lancellotti, Barbosa, Engel, Van Espen).Cet examen montre que la position concernant la sacramentalité de l’épiscopat n’est pas liée, à cette époque, à la position conciliariste ou papaliste des auteurs en question

New ionic liquids with fluorous anions for supported liquid membranes and characterization

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La réforme des académies ecclésiastiques et l'enseignement de la théologie orthodoxe en Russie au début du XXe siècle

Au début du XXe siècle, les académies ecclésiastiques étaient en Russie les principaux foyers d une théologie orthodoxe en plein essor. Pourtant, l'enseignement de ces établissements supérieurs faisait l'objet de sévères critiques : il aurait isolé la théologie de la société, perpétué la "captivité occidentale" de la pensée russe, dissocié la science religieuse de l'expérience spirituelle. C'est pourquoi l'Église orthodoxe russe organisa entre 1905 et 1918, dans le contexte de la préparation au Concile local de Moscou, plusieurs commissions rassemblant les représentants d'une nouvelle génération de théologiens en vue de réformer les académies. En s'appuyant sur les archives de ces commissions préconciliaires et conciliaires, la présente recherche restitue les principaux débats, dans l'ambition de montrer comment un type d'enseignement génère une théologie particulière. Après une première partie chronologique destinée à situer cette réflexion dans son cadre historique, trois parties synthétiques sont consacrées aux trois grandes questions posées par la réforme des académies. Au plan pédagogique, comment penser le rapport entre la formation intellectuelle et la formation spirituelle ou pastorale ? Au point de vue administratif et ecclésiologique, quelle est la place des académies dans l'Église et quel rôle l évêque local doit-il jouer dans leur enseignement ? Au plan scientifique enfin, comment penser, dans les programmes de formation et de recherche, l'articulation entre les sciences humaines et les disciplines théologiques ? Une dernière partie analyse l'évolution de l enseignement des académies ecclésiastiques russes dans les divers domaines de la théologie (études bibliques, patrologie, théologie systématique, théologie pratique) et la naissance en leur sein d'un véritable "pré-œcuménisme" au tournant du XXe siècle. Les débats témoignent de la rencontre de deux courants de la théologie russe : d une part, un courant "académique", qui défend la vocation scientifique des académies, leur autonomie administrative et intellectuelle, le rôle des disciplines positives et de la méthode historico-critique ; et d autre part un courant "néopatristique" porté par le monachisme savant, soucieux de l'intégration à la théologie de la dimension spirituelle et pratique, d'un retour aux sources bibliques et aux Pères de l'Église. La rencontre de ces deux courants, favorisée par le processus conciliaire, permit de penser dans la Russie de l'époque, dans une perspective étonnamment actuelle, un nouvel enseignement de la théologie, et, partant, un nouveau type de théologie.At the beginning of the 20th century, ecclesiastical academies in Russia were the primary centers of a rapidly expanding orthodox theology. However, the instruction dispensed in these establishments of higher learning fell under severe criticism : they had allegedly isolated theology from society, perpetuated a westernization of Russian thinking and severed religious science from spiritual experience. The Russian Orthodox Church was thus prompted to assemble between 1905 and 1918, in anticipation of the local Moscow council, several committees that would include representatives of a new generation of theologians in order to reform the academies. Backed by the supporting evidence of the archives of the relevant pre-council and council committees, this study aims to bring forward the principal debates and show how a particular form of instruction breeds a particular form of theology. Our first section will establish a chronology in order to contextualise our current study. The three subsequent sections will address the three main questions problematised by the academic reforms : From a pedagogical point of view, how might we renegotiate the dynamic between intellectual, spiritual and pastoral education ? From an administrative and ecclesiological perspective, what position do religious schools hold within the Church and what say should the local bishops have ? Finally, from a scientific standpoint, how can we rearticulate, within programmes of education and research, the relationship between the arts and theological disciplines? A concluding section will examine the evolution of various areas of theology (namely biblical and patrological studies as well as systematic and practical theology) as taught in Russian ecclesiastical schools, together with the rise in these schools of a genuine pre-ecumenical current at the turn of the 20th century. The debates pit against each other two distinct schools of thinking in Russian theology. On the one hand, the "academic" camp privileges the schools' scientific calling, both administrative and intellectual autonomy, the importance of positive discipline and a critical historical method. On the other hand, a neo-patristic camp, boosted by learned monasticism, endeavours to incorporate into theology spiritual and practical aspects, and encourages a return to biblical sources and to Patristic writings. Out of the dialogue between these two schools of thought, facilitated by the Council process, a surprisingly progressive method of teaching theology and thus a new theology per se, were carved.PARIS4-BU Serpente (751052129) / SudocPARIS-Inst.Cathol.de Paris (751062306) / SudocSudocFranceF

Heavy metal ions extraction using new supported liquid membranes containing ionic liquid as carrier

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Pouvoir d'ordre et pouvoir de juridiction (évaluation ecclésiologique de l'histoire et de leur disctinction)

PARIS4-BU Serpente (751052129) / SudocPARIS-Inst.Cathol.de Paris (751062306) / SudocSudocFranceF