Direct mapping rather than motor prediction subserves modulation of corticospinal excitability during observation of actions in real time

Motor facilitation refersto the specific increment in corticospinal excitability (CSE)elicited by the observation of actions performed by others. To date,the precise nature of the mechanism at the basis of this phenomenonis unknown. One possibility is that motor facilitation is driven by apredictive process reminiscent of the role of forward models in motorcontrol. Alternatively, motor facilitation may result from a model-freemechanism by which the basic elements of the observed action aredirectly mapped onto their cortical representations. Our study wasdesigned to discern these alternatives. To this aim, we recorded thetime course of CSE for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and theabductor digiti minimi (ADM) during observation of three graspingactions in real time, two of which strongly diverged in kinematicsfrom their natural (invariant) form. Although artificially slow movementsused in most action observation studies might enhance theobserver?s discrimination performance, the use of videos in real timeis crucial to maintain the time course of CSE within the physiologicalrange of daily actions. CSE was measured at 4 time points within a240-ms window that best captured the kinematic divergence from theinvariant form. Our results show that CSE of the FDI, not the ADM,closely follows the functional role of the muscle despite the mismatchbetween the natural and the divergent kinematics. We propose thatmotor facilitation during observation of actions performed in real timereflects the model-free coding of perceived movement following adirect mapping mechanism.Fil: Gueugneau, Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Mc Cabe, Sofia Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Villalta, Jorge Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Grafton, Scott T.. University of California. Department of Psychology; Estados UnidosFil: Della Maggiore, Valeria Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentin

The relative influence of goal and kinematics on corticospinal excitability depends on the information provided to the observer

Viewing a person perform an action activates the observer's motor system. Whether this phenomenon reflects the action's kinematics or its final goal remains a matter of debate. One alternative to this apparent controversy is that the relative influence of goal and kinematics depends on the information available to the observer. Here, we addressed this possibility. For this purpose, we measured corticospinal excitability (CSE) while subjects viewed 3 different grasping actions with 2 goals: a large and a small object. Actions were directed to the large object, the small object, or corrected online in which case the goal switched during the movement. We first determined the kinematics and dynamics of the 3 actions during execution. This information was used in 2 other experiments to measure CSE while observers viewed videos of the same actions. CSE was recorded prior to movement onset and at 3 time points during the observed action. To discern between goal and kinematics, information about the goal was manipulated across experiments. We found that the goal influenced CSE only when its identity was known before movement onset. In contrast, a kinematic modulation of CSE was observed whether or not information regarding the goal was provided.Fil: Mc Cabe, Sofia Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Villalta, Jorge Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Saunier, Ghislain. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Grafton, Scott T.. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Della Maggiore, Valeria Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentin

Diseño de estrategias de marketing digital en redes sociales para incrementar las ventas en el Restaurante Taquepica S.A.C Piura, año 2021

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal diseñar estrategias de marketing digital en redes sociales para incrementar las ventas en el restaurante Taquepica S.A.C. periodo 2021. El enfoque de la investigación es no experimental, transversal de tipo descriptivo, se trabajó con una población de 70 y una muestra de 60 clientes se aplicó una encuesta. Los resultados fueron que se diseñaron 05 estrategias de marketing, siendo, diseñar un plan de marketing digital, para incrementar las ventas, diseñar un plan de marketing digital para incrementar usuarios en redes sociales, establecer un cronograma de publicidad en diversos medios digitales y redes sociales, diseñar un plan de marketing digital para el posicionamiento de la marca finalmente fortalecer la marca con platos temáticos en redes sociales, se diagnosticó estrategias a través de una matriz FODA Y DAFO, se identificó que la relación de los clientes con las redes sociales fue de un 60% de nivel alto, además el 40% de usuarios, les gusta las publicaciones realizadas, y un 33% les gusta las promociones de descuentos. Se elaboró la propuesta de marketing considerando las 05 estrategias, dentro de los cuales se establecen las actividades relacionadas a la publicidad digital, utilizando redes sociales como Facebook e Instagram, debido a el 27% de clientes manifestaron como primer lugar a WhatsApp, 20% Facebook y 18% a Instagram.The main objective of this work was to design digital marketing strategies on social networks to increase sales at the Taquepica S.A.C. period 2021. The research approach is non-experimental, cross-sectional of a descriptive type, we worked with a population of 70 and a sample of 60 clients, a survey was applied. The results were that 05 marketing strategies were designed, being designing a digital marketing plan to increase sales, designing a digital marketing plan to increase users on social networks, establishing an advertising schedule in various digital media and social networks , design a digital marketing plan for the positioning of the brand, finally strengthen the brand with thematic dishes in social networks, strategies were diagnosed through a SWOT and SWOT matrix, it was identified that the relationship of clients with social networks was of 60% of high level, in addition to 40% of users, like the publications made, and 33% like the discount promotions. The marketing proposal was prepared considering the 05 strategies, within which the activities related to digital advertising are established, using social networks such as Facebook and Instagram, due to the fact that 27% of clients declared WhatsApp as the first place, 20% Facebook and 18% to Instagram.Tesi

Effect of varying dietary levels of LC-PUFA and vegetable oil sources on performance and fatty acids of Senegalese sole post larvae: Puzzling results suggest complete biosynthesis pathway from C18 PUFA to DHA

Lipid nutrition of marine fish larvae has focused on supplying essential fatty acids (EFA) at high levels to meet requirements for survival, growth and development. However, some deleterious effects have been reported suggesting that excessive supply of EFA might result in insufficient supply of energy substrates, particularly in species with lower EFA requirements such as Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). This study addressed how the balance between EFA and non-EFA (better energy sources) affects larval performance, body composition and metabolism and retention of DHA, by formulating enrichment emulsions containing two different vegetable oil sources (olive oil or soybean oil) and three DHA levels. DHA positively affected growth and survival, independent of oil source, confirming that for sole post-larvae it is advantageous to base enrichments on vegetable oils supplying higher levels of energy, and supplement these with a DHA-rich oil. In addition, body DHA levels were generally comparable considering the large differences in their dietary supply, suggesting that the previously reported ∆4 fatty acyl desaturase (fad) operates in vivo and that DHA was synthesized at physiologically significant rates through a mechanism involving transcriptional up-regulation of ∆4fad, which was significantly up-regulated in the low DHA treatments. Furthermore, data suggested that DHA biosynthesis may be regulated by an interaction between dietary n - 3 and n - 6 PUFA, as well as by levels of LC-PUFA, and this may, under certain nutritional conditions, lead to DHA production from C18 precursors. The molecular basis of putative fatty acyl ∆5 and ∆6 desaturation activities remains to be fully determined as thorough searches have found only a single (∆4) Fads2-type transcript. Therefore, further studies are required but this might represent a unique activity described within vertebrate fads

Factors affecting attendance to cervical cancer screening among women in the Paracentral Region of El Salvador: a nested study within the CAPE HPV screening program

Background\ud Cervical cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer among women and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, with more than 85 % of these cases occurring in developing countries. These global disparities reflect the differences in cervical cancer screening rates between high-income and medium- and low-income countries. At 19 %, El Salvador has the lowest reported screening coverage of all Latin American countries. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting public sector HPV DNA-based cervical cancer screening participation in El Salvador.\ud \ud Methods\ud This study was nested within a public sector screening program where health promoters used door-to-door outreach to recruit women aged 30–49 years to attend educational sessions about HPV screening. A subgroup of these participants was chosen randomly and questioned about demographic factors, healthcare utilization, previous cervical cancer screening, and HPV knowledge. Women then scheduled screening appointments at their public health clinics. Screening participants were adherent if they attended their scheduled appointment or rescheduled and were screened within 6 months. The association between non-adherence and demographic variables, medical history, history of cancer, sexual history, birth control methods, and screening barriers was assessed using Chi-square tests of significance and logistic regression.\ud \ud Results\ud All women (n = 409) enrolled in the study scheduled HPV screening appointments, and 88 % attended. Non-adherence was associated with a higher number of lifetime partners and being under-screened—defined as not having participated in cervical cancer screening within the previous 3 years (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively); 22.8 % of participants in this study were under-screened.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Adherence to cervical cancer screening after educational sessions was higher than expected, in part due to interactions with the community-based health promoters as well as the educational session itself. More effective recruitment methods targeted toward under-screened women are required

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in a marine vertebrate: Ontogenetic and nutritional regulation of a fatty acyl desaturase with Delta4 activity

Solea senegalensis is an unusual marine teleost as it has very low dietary requirement for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) during early development. Aquaculture is rapidly becoming the main source of health-beneficial fish products for human consumption. This, associated with limited supply of LC-PUFA-rich ingredients for fish feeds, render S. senegalensis a highly interesting species in which to study the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway. We have cloned and functionally characterized fatty acyl desaturase and elongase cDNAs corresponding to D4fad (with some D5 activity for the n-3 series) and elovl5 with the potential to catalyze docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) biosynthesis from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Changes in expression of both transcripts were determined during embryonic and early larval development, and transcriptional regulation in response to higher or lower dietary n-3 LC-PUFA was assessed during larval and post-larval stages. There was a marked pattern of regulation during early ontogenesis, with both transcripts showing peak expression coinciding with the start of exogenous feeding. Although elovl5 transcripts were present in fertilized eggs, D4fad only appeared at hatching. However, eggs have high proportions of DHA (~ 20%) and high DHA/EPA ratio (~ 11) to meet the high demands for early embryonic development. The fatty acid profile of larvae after the start of exogenous feeding closely reflected dietary composition. Nonetheless, D4fad was significantly up-regulated in response to LC-PUFA-poor diets, which may suggest biological relevance of this pathway in reducing LC-PUFA dietary requirements in this species, compared to other marine teleosts. These results indicate that sole is capable of synthesizing DHA from EPA through a Sprecher-independent pathway

Un vasto campo de estudios: la familia y el parentesco en la perspectiva antropológica

En este trabajo proponemos, en primer término, recuperar muy sintéticamente algunos de los desarrollos conceptuales que la antropología clásica, aquella desarrollada desde fines del siglo XIX hasta mediados del XX, ha hecho respecto del parentesco y la familia, en la tarea de desconstrucción crítica de su naturaleza. En segundo lugar, nos centraremos en los aportes más contemporáneos que la disciplina ha realizado para comprender sus formas diversas y cambiantes, aportes que fueron elaborados a partir de repensar la manera en que los antropólogos clásicos abordaron el tema tanto como por la influencia de transformaciones sociales, científicas y políticas.Fil: Villalta, Carla Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas; ArgentinaFil: Tiscornia, Sofia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas; Argentin

Sensorimotor Adaptation: Multiple forms of Plasticity in Motor Circuits.

One of the most striking properties of the adult central nervous system is its ability to undergo changes in function and/or structure. In mammals, learning is a major inducer of adaptive plasticity. Sensorimotor adaptation is a type of procedural - motor - learning that allows maintaining accurate movements in the presence of environmental or internal perturbations by adjusting motor output. In this work, we will review experimental evidence gathered from rodents and human and nonhuman primates pointing to possible sites of adaptation-related plasticity at different levels of organization of the nervous system.Fil: Della Maggiore, Valeria Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Landi, Sofia M.. The Rockefeller University; Estados UnidosFil: Villalta, Jorge Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentin