The role of a song in a Hindi film

The article explores the role of the ‘Film Song’ in the life and popularity of a Hindi film and study its unique narrative attributes and purpose vis-à-vis songs in other world cinemas. The Hindi film song has been an integral and integrated part of a Hindi film’s script. It not only exists in a musical Hindi movie but is also used as a narrative device in films of every genre from comedies and romances to crime thrillers and horror films, most of which, routinely, may have five or more songs. The lyrics of songs are used to convey progressions in sequence and character moods much more succinctly than volumes of dialogues and visual sequences, accompanied by vocal music backed by an appropriate orchestral tenor in both popular and art-house Hindi movies. Though this may seem unreal to a viewer from another culture, it is not so for the traditional Hindi film audience as the format and presence of a song in a celluloid narrative traces its roots to ancient Indian folk theatre (called Nautanki) and age-old storytelling traditions. This article, while providing a historical perspective to the origin of the Hindi film song, introduces readers to some of the legends of Hindi cinema’s music-making industry that enjoys an independent life of its own, often beyond its source films’ run and popularity. Moreover, it explains the role of the primary collaborators involved in the making of a Hindi film song, and discuss the structure, functions and integral narrative duties of a good film song for a fair appraisal of its existence. Standout examples of songs from the 84-year-old journey of the Hindi film song are used to argue why it should be appreciated as one of the most crucial forms of Indian popular culture

Contact and Bending Durability Calculation for Spiral-Bevel Gears

The objective of this project is to extend the capabilities of the gear contact analysis solver Calyx, and associated packages Transmission3D, HypoidFaceMilled, HypoidFaceHobbed. A calculation process for the surface durability was implemented using the Dowson-Higginson correlation for fluid film thickness. Comparisons to failure data from NASA's Spiral Bevel Gear Fatigue rig were carried out. A bending fatigue calculation has been implemented that allows the use of the stress-life calculation at each individual fillet point. The gears in the NASA test rig did not exhibit any bending fatigue failure, so the bending fatigue calculations are presented in this report by using significantly lowered strength numbers

RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of antifungal drug terbinafine HCL in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form

In the present work RP-HPLC method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of Terbinafine hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. A rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC Method with PDA detection (220 nm) for routine analysis of in Bulk drug and Pharmaceutical formulation was developed. Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing a mixture of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and Acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) with flow rate 1.5 ml/min. The linearity was found to be in the range of 50-150 µg/ml with (r2=0.999). The proposed method was validated by determining sensitivity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and system suitability parameters according to ICH guidrelines

Effect of Mesh Phasing on the Transmission Efficiency and Dynamic Performance of Wheel Hub Planetary Gear Sets

Transmission efficiency and refinement of planetary wheel hub gearing system are key design attributes for heavy and off-highway vehicles. Reduction of power loss, directly leading to the development of new generation ECO-axles requires analysis of gear contacting conditions for lubricated conjunctions to determine frictional performance. This is also affected by gear dynamics, which is a prerequisite for assessment of noise, vibration and harshness performance. Therefore, a combined tribo-dynamic analysis is essential. There is a dearth of such holistic analysis, particularly for the case of wheel hub planetary systems. The paper presents such an analysis, which has not hitherto been reported in literature. The inexorable interplay of transmission efficiency and noise, vibration and harshness refinement is demonstrated. The key attributes of noise, vibration and harshness refinement and transmission efficiency can pose contrary requirements and near-optimal conditions can be highlighted by mesh phasing of gearing contacts, thus alleviating the need for more complex gear teeth modifications entailing prohibitive manufacturing costs

Transient Thermal Analysis of Mixed-elastohydrodynamic Contact of High Performance Transmission in a Dry Sump Environment

Fuel efficiency is one of the main concerns in the optimisation of modern racing transmissions. The dry sump transmissions are the preferred choice for high performance racing applications. While it provides adequate lubricant for gear contacts, it minimises the system churning losses, and therefore enhances the system efficiency. An important aspect is assessing its thermal performance in removing the generated frictional heat. The generated heat in the highly loaded high shear contacts of racing transmissions should be dissipated through use of directed impinging oil jets and in an air–oil mist environment. The paper presents an integrated tribological and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis for a spur gear pair, incorporated into an overall finite element model to evaluate the quantity of generated heat and its removal rate from the rotating gear surfaces. Furthermore, the temperature distribution in the circumferential direction is predicted and used to evaluate transient temperature distribution over representative race laps. Such an approach has not hitherto been reported in literature

Effect of tapered roller bearing supports on the dynamic behaviour of hypoid gear pair differentials

Noise and vibration refinement and energy efficiency are the key drivers in powertrain development. The final drive (the differential) is a source of vibration concern and also contributes to the powertrain inefficiency. To optimise differential characteristics for the key objectives of refinement and efficiency, detailed models of the gear interactions as well as the support bearing dynamics are required. This study reports the integrated lubricated bearing and gear contacts with an eight-degree-of-freedom dynamic analysis (a tribo-dynamic model). Non-Newtonian shear behaviour of thin lubricant-film conjunctions is taken into account in the integrated tribo-dynamic analysis, which has not hitherto been reported in the literature. The results show that the transmitted vibration spectra from the system onto the differential casing are dominated by the bearing frequencies rather than by those due to the meshing of gears. It is also shown that a sufficiently high bearing preload improves the vibration refinement but can lead to a marginally reduced transmission efficiency

Advanced model for the calculation of meshing forces in spur gear planetary transmissions

This paper presents a planar spur gear planetary transmission model, describing in great detail aspects such as the geometric definition of geometric overlaps and the contact forces calculation, thus facilitating the reproducibility of results by fellow researchers. The planetary model is based on a mesh model already used by the authors in the study of external gear ordinary transmissions. The model has been improved and extended to allow for the internal meshing simulation, taking into consideration three possible contact scenarios: involute–involute contact, and two types of involute-tip rounding arc contact. The 6 degrees of freedom system solved for a single couple of gears has been expanded to 6 + 3n degrees of freedom for a planetary transmission with n planets. Furthermore, the coupling of deformations through the gear bodies’ flexibility has been also implemented and assessed. A step-by-step integration of the planetary is presented, using two typical configurations, demonstrating the model capability for transmission simulation of a planetary with distinct pressure angles on each mesh. The model is also put to the test with the simulation of the transmission error of a real transmission system, including the effect of different levels of external torque. The model is assessed by means of quasi-static analyses, and the meshing stiffness values are compared with those provided by the literature.The authors would like to acknowledge Project DPI2013-44860 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology

The role of a song in a Hindi film

The article explores the role of the ‘Film Song’ in the life and popularity of a Hindi film and study its unique narrative attributes and purpose vis-à-vis songs in other world cinemas. The Hindi film song has been an integral and integrated part of a Hindi film’s script. It not only exists in a musical Hindi movie but is also used as a narrative device in films of every genre from comedies and romances to crime thrillers and horror films, most of which, routinely, may have five or more songs. The lyrics of songs are used to convey progressions in sequence and character moods much more succinctly than volumes of dialogues and visual sequences, accompanied by vocal music backed by an appropriate orchestral tenor in both popular and art-house Hindi movies. Though this may seem unreal to a viewer from another culture, it is not so for the traditional Hindi film audience as the format and presence of a song in a celluloid narrative traces its roots to ancient Indian folk theatre (called Nautanki) and age-old storytelling traditions. This article, while providing a historical perspective to the origin of the Hindi film song, introduces readers to some of the legends of Hindi cinema’s music-making industry that enjoys an independent life of its own, often beyond its source films’ run and popularity. Moreover, it explains the role of the primary collaborators involved in the making of a Hindi film song, and discuss the structure, functions and integral narrative duties of a good film song for a fair appraisal of its existence. Standout examples of songs from the 84-year-old journey of the Hindi film song are used to argue why it should be appreciated as one of the most crucial forms of Indian popular culture