Nanofiber-Based Drug Delivery System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU): A Comprehensive Review

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes, contributing to high morbidity, decreased quality of life, and even limb amputation. Traditional treatments, such as wound dressings and systemic therapies, often fail to sufficiently promote healing or prevent recurrence, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Nanofiber-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution, offering unique advantages like high surface area, tunable porosity, and the ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and sustained manner. These systems can deliver various bioactive substances, including growth factors, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs, directly to the wound site, promoting faster healing, reducing infection, and enhancing tissue regeneration. The materials used for nanofiber fabrication include natural polymers, such as collagen and chitosan, and synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), which can be tailored to the specific needs of DFU treatment. Electrospinning, a versatile technique, is primarily employed to produce nanofibers with precise control over diameter and morphology, allowing for the customization of drug release profiles. This article provides a comprehensive review of the use of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of DFUs, focusing on their advantages, the therapeutic agents involved, materials used, and fabrication techniques. The review highlights the potential of these systems to revolutionize DFU management, offering a promising avenue for improving healing outcomes and reducing complications associated with diabetic foot ulcers

Diagnostic Challenges in SLE and the Promise of Emerging Immunological Biomarkers

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted systemic autoimmune disease, which presents with variable clinical features and big diagnostic problems. Diagnosis at an early stage has continued to be a challenge because of conflicting clinical manifestations with other autoimmune disorders, unstable clinical manifestations, and poor sensitivity and specificity of traditional biomarkers. Conventional diagnostic characteristics like antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith antibodies, and complement are still necessary, though inadequate, in the correct early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. New biomarkers such as type I interferon signatures, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) have been identified in recent developments in immunology and provide some hopeful insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may help to diagnose it better. Moreover, omics technologies and artificial intelligence-driven methods of analysis are also driving biomarker discovery and precision medicine plans faster. Although these improvements have occurred, the majority of the new biomarkers are yet to undergo large multicenter studies to be validated before they can be used in routine clinical practice. This review pays attention to the diagnostic problems in SLE and explains how new immunological biomarkers may be used to enhance diagnostic quality in the early phase of the disease and its monitoring as well as tailored therapeutic interventions.

Design and characterization of swietenia mahagoni jacq. Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control

The present study was designed to evaluate the design and characterization of swieteniamahagonijacq. mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemiccontrol. Usingtheextraction methods like soxhlet extraction, benzene extraction, Ethanolic Extraction, Ethyl acetate extraction, petroleum ether extraction.Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1- normal control, Group 2- diabetic control, Group3 –treatment control Swieteniamahagoni 100mg/kg, Group 4 – Swieteniamahagoni 200mg/kg treated group, Group 5 – Glibenclamide 5mg/kg.The levels of biochemical parameter, body weight, serum lipid profile, serum total cholesterol, serum glycerides, VLDL AND & HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, Hemoglobin &glycated hemoglobin were examined in each of these groups. Chronic administration of swieteniamahagoni at a dose of 100mg/kg & 200mg/kg, p.o. for a period of 21 days markedly decreased the level of blood glucose level & lipid level. Phamacological studies were assessed forbioassessment, clinical trials, and toxicological studies.  Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid likeestimation of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content,HPTLC investigation of ethanol extract.Taken together, the results suggested that treatment reduced hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control. This study demonstrates the swieteniamahagonijacq.  Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control

Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Care: A Narrative Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly changing the field of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences by making healthcare and drug-related processes more efficient, more accurate, and faster. With the help of AI technologies like machine learning and deep learning, the deep analysis of voluminous biological, chemical, and clinical data is possible, and this facilitates enhanced decision-making in drug discovery and development. AI is also used to aid drug discovery in the identification of targets as well as molecular design, virtual screening, and repurposing of drugs, which saves a lot of time and expense. AI has been used to enhance drug development via predictions of pharmacokinetics and toxicity as well as clinical trials optimization. In the pharmaceutical industry, AI can be used to optimize the processes, to monitor the quality and to predictive maintain the machinery to maintain the quality and efficiency of the products and the process. The usage of AI in pharmaceutical care is also important to assist the clinic in clinical decision systems, medication therapy management, prediction of adverse drug reaction, and personalized medicine. Moreover, it enhances medication safety and patient compliance because of its incorporation into both hospital and community pharmacy. Nonetheless, AI can transform the future of pharmacy practice and healthcare delivery despite the difficulties of data privacy and bias in the algorithm, as it has a great potential.

Antenatal Corticosteroids for Fetal Lung Maturation and Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Preterm birth remains a major global cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, frequently leading to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency. Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation and improve neonatal respiratory outcomes. The present systematic review evaluates the physiological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, and current clinical recommendations for antenatal corticosteroid therapy in the prevention of neonatal RDS. A structured literature review was conducted following the PRISMA framework using major databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies evaluating the use of betamethasone or dexamethasone in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth were screened. Ten high-quality studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses, were selected for qualitative synthesis. The findings consistently demonstrate that antenatal corticosteroid therapy significantly reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Several landmark trials also confirm benefits in both early and late preterm pregnancies. Physiologically, corticosteroids promote differentiation of type II pneumocytes, enhance surfactant synthesis, and improve pulmonary compliance, thereby facilitating postnatal lung function. Current international guidelines recommend administration of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery within seven days between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Overall, antenatal corticosteroid therapy remains a cornerstone of modern perinatal care. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing strategies and evaluating long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with repeated exposure

Validation of high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method in positive ion mode for the estimation of Clopidogrel in human plasma using Clopidogrel D4 as internal standard

The present project work was to develop a robust, rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay method for the quantification of clopidogrel in human plasma. A high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method for the estimation of clopidogrel, in human plasma in positive ion mode was developed and validated using clopidogrel d4 as internal standard (is). Sample preparation was accomplished by solid phase extraction method. The eluted samples were chromatographed on kromasil 100 5c18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm (make: akzo nobel) using a mobile phase consisting of hplc grade acetonitrile: milli q/hplc grade water (90:10, v/v) the method was validated over a concentration range of 0.031 ng/ml to 15.077 ng/ml for clopidogrel. This validation report provides the results of analyte selectivity, matrix selectivity, matrix effect, sensitivity determinations, calibration standards and quality control samples data, precision and accuracy data, the results of recovery, various stabilities, run size evaluation and dilution integrity along with all pertinent documentation

Development and Validation of a UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Estimation of Empagliflozin in Tablet Dosage Forms

A simple, rapid, and economical UV-visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of empagliflozin in tablet dosage forms. Empagliflozin exhibited maximum absorbance (λmax) at 224 nm in ethanol. The method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 2-12 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human use Q2(R1) for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The percentage recovery ranged from 99.90 % to 100.07 %, indicating good accuracy of the method. Precision studies showed %RSD value below 2%, demonstrating acceptable repeatability. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.218 µg/ml and 0.661 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the assay of empagliflozin in marketed tablet formulation and was found to be suitable for routine quality control analysis due to its simplicit, accuracy and cost-effectiveness.

Contemporary approaches to the preparation of metal nanoparticles: methods and mechanistic insights

Nanoparticles have transformed drug delivery systems to provide new approaches to increase the dissolution, absorption, and targeting properties of drug molecules. They have a nanoscale structure that gives them special characteristics such as high surface area, enhanced membrane permeability and enhanced physicochemical stability in comparison with the traditional drug delivery systems. Such properties render the nanoparticles especially useful in treatment of such complicated illness as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic infectious diseases. This review paper focuses on the different ways of synthesizing metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical usage, as a way of overcoming the limitations of the conventional methods of delivery. Altogether, nanoparticles are characterized by enhanced stability and bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and a high possibility of benefiting therapeutic performance and safety in nanomedicine

Uncovering the Role of Cutaneous Microbiota in the Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Resistance of Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Precision Oncology Perspective

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy predominantly affecting immunocompromised and elderly individuals. Driven by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in over 80% of Western cases and by ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutagenesis in the remainder, MCC presents significant clinical challenges due to propensity for rapid metastasis and resistance to conventional therapies. The cutaneous microbiota has recently emerged as a critical modulator of tumour immune microenvironment composition, antitumour surveillance, and responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This review synthesises current evidence on MCC epidemiology, viral oncogenesis, tumour microenvironment (TME) biology, and ICI therapy with evolving insights into host-microbiome interactions. We explore how microbial dysbiosis may potentiate immunopathogenesis and attenuate ICI efficacy, and we highlight translational opportunities including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), defined bacterial isolates, and bacterial consortia as microbiome-targeted adjuncts within a precision oncology framework

A Comprehensive Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System

Nasal drug delivery has developed as a promising alternative route for the administration of both systemic and local medications, due to its non-invasive nature, rapid onset of action, and potential to bypass first-pass metabolism. Drug absorption is made easier by a mucosal surface that is highly vascularized in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity offers a highly vascularized mucosal surface, facilitating drug absorption through various mechanisms, including transcellular, paracellular, and receptor-mediated transport. To improve bioavailability and extend drug retention in the nasal mucosa, numerous dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, gels, emulsions, nanoparticles, and microparticles, have been developed. To enhance drug absorption and stability, excipients like mucoadhesive polymers, permeation enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors are included. However, advanced formulation strategies, such as lipid-based carriers, nano formulations, and in situ gelling systems, are required to address issues like mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, and limited drug permeability. Pain management, hormone therapy, vaccine administration, and the treatment of respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are just a few examples of the many therapeutic applications of nasal drug delivery. Due to the possibility of enhanced systemic absorption, intranasal delivery of biologics like proteins and peptides has also received attention. Nasal drug delivery has some drawbacks, including the possibility of mucosal damage with long-term use, nasal irritation, and variability in drug absorption due to physiological conditions. Further research is needed to overcome these challenges through innovative formulations and delivery technologies.  Overall, nasal drug delivery remains a highly promising and evolving field with significant potential for improved patient outcomes and therapeutic efficacy