Sublingual administration of detomidine to calves prior to disbudding: a comparison with the intravenous route.

Objective: To study the effects of oromucosal detomidine gel administered sublingually to calves prior to disbudding, and to compare its efficacy with intravenously administered detomidine. Study design: Randomised, prospective clinical study. Animals: Twenty dairy calves aged 12.4 ± 4.4 days (mean ± SD), weight 50.5 ± 9.0 kg. Methods: Detomidine at 80 μg kg-1 was administered to ten calves sublingually (GEL) and at 30 μg kg-1 to ten control calves intravenously (IV). Meloxicam (0.5 mg kg-1) and  local anaesthetic (lidocaine 3 mg kg-1) were administered before heat cauterization of horn buds. Heart rate (HR), body temperature and clinical sedation were monitored over  240 minutes. Blood was collected during the same period for drug concentration  analysis. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated from the plasma detomidine  concentration-time data using non-compartmental methods.  Results: The maximum plasma detomidine concentration after GEL was 2.1 ± 1.2 ng  mL-1 (mean ± SD) and the time of maximum concentration was 66.0 ± 36.9 minutes. The bioavailability of detomidine was approximately 34% with GEL. Similar sedation  scores were reached in both groups after administration of detomidine, but maximal sedation was reached earlier in the IV group (10 minutes) than in the GEL group (40 minutes). HR was lower after IV than GEL from 5 to 10 minutes after administration. All animals were adequately sedated, and we were able to administer local anaesthetic without resistance to all of the calves before disbudding. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Oromucosally administered detomidine is an  effective sedative agent for calves prior to disbudding.Peer reviewe

Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)

While working on an identification guide to the sawflies of Fennoscandia, we encountered numerous taxonomic problems, for some of which we present solutions. Dicrostema Benson, 1952 is a new synonym of Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916, and not congeneric with Paracharactus MacGillivray, 1908. Two species occurring in Europe are transferred to Phymatoceropsis. Dolerus aericepsellus Heidemaa and Mutanen sp. nov. and Heptamelus viitasaarii Liston, Mutanen and Prous sp. nov. are described from Finland. Abia brevicornis Leach, 1817 nom. rev. is the valid name of Abia nitens auct. nec Linnaeus, and Abia nitens (Linnaeus, 1758) is the valid name for what has recently been called Abia sericea (Linnaeus, 1767). Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1781 is treated as an unplaced species of Hymenoptera, possibly Ichneumonoidea. Calameuta variabilis (Mocsáry, 1886) is the valid name of the species recently generally called C. haemorrhoidalis. Claremontia confusa (Konow, 1886) sp. rev. and Claremontia brevicornis (Brischke, 1883) are distinct species. Dolerus coracinus (Klug, 1818) is the valid name for D. anthracinus auct. Dolerus anthracinus (Klug, 1818) is a valid species similar to D. nitens Zaddach, 1859. Dolerus coruscans Konow, 1890 sp. rev. is a valid species. Dolerus junci (Stephens, 1835) is the valid name for Dolerus cothurnatus auct. Dolerus timidus (Klug, 1818) sp. rev. is distinguished from the similar D. pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758). A neotype is designated for Astatus punctatus Klug, 1803. Lectotypes are designated for 39 nominal species. 29 species group names are new junior synonyms. We present data on some species recently collected for the first time in Finland, including first records for the Palaearctic and West Palaearctic

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.</p

How to deal with the syntonic comma in music education?:recognition, preferences of usage, and utility

Abstract This dissertation concerns interval intonation, tuning systems, and temperaments and their relevance to music education. It considers a historically well-known tuning discrepancy, the syntonic comma, from three different perspectives: 1) recognition, 2) preferences of usage, and 3) utility in music education. The first objective was investigating to what extent students in music-intensive classes and university music students are able to recognize a mistuning of the syntonic comma in musical passages tuned in just intonation. This was investigated through an experiment comprising 40 chord progressions. The second objective was to determine the preferences of university music students and teachers for dealing with the syntonic comma by way of centrally recognized tuning alternatives through an experiment with 30 pairs of chord progressions. The third objective was to consider how the present results and other recent research about the syntonic comma could help with teaching intonation skills. The Experiment 1, recognition of mistuning, revealed a wide distribution among listeners (n = 168). The recognition of mistuning in vertical harmony decreased significantly according to the complexity of the chord progressions. Mistuning between successive notes of the melody line helped recognition. The recognition of mistuning was also influenced by the choir voice participants were repsenting: In one category of chord progressions, participants representing the bass voice in a choir detected mistuned triads better than participants representing the top voice. There was also a significant correlation of the mutually interrelated variables of instrumental experience and age with recognition of mistuning. In Experiment 2, intonation preferences, music university students and teachers (n = 93) were asked a preference from among four tuning strategies with pairs of differently tuned but otherwise identical chord sequences. Meantone tuning (85.9%) and equal temperament (85.2%) were overwhelmingly preferred, with local tempering falling behind, and there was overall rejection of pitch drift. The results motivate the development of new exercises for intonation skills, and the experiments shed light on the problem of the syntonic comma, proving potential for practical music pedagogy. Several suggestions for further research are presented.Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee intervallien intonaatiota, viritysjärjestelmiä, virityksiä ja niiden relevanssia musiikkikasvatuksessa. Työ keskittyy historiallisesti hyvin tunnettuun virityspoikkeamaan, syntoniseen kommaan kolmesta näkökulmasta: 1) tunnistamisesta, 2) käsittelyn mieltymyksistä ja 3) hyödyllisyydestä musiikkikasvatuksessa. Ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli tutkia, missä määrin musiikkiluokkien oppilaat ja musiikin yliopisto-opiskelijat tunnistavat syntonisen komman puhdasvireisesti viritetyissä musiikkikatkelmissa. Tätä tutkittiin 40 sointusarjan kokeella. Toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää musiikin yliopisto-opiskelijoiden ja musiikin ammattilaisten mieltymyksiä erilaisiin syntonisen komman ratkaisutapoihin eli erilaisiin virityksiin 30 sointusarjaparin kokeella. Kolmantena tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten kokeiden tulosten ja tutkimuskirjallisuuden perusteella voisi edistää intonaatiotaitojen opettamista. Epävireisyyden tunnistamisen koe (1) paljasti laajan jakauman koehenkilöiden (n=168) kesken. Vertikaalisessa harmoniassa epävireisyyden tunnistaminen väheni merkittävästi harmonian kompleksisoitumisen myötä. Epävireisyys peräkkäisten sävelten välillä melodialinjassa auttoi epävireisen soinnun tunnistamista. Tunnistamiseen vaikutti myös se, mitä ääntä lauloi kuorossa: Yhdessä sointukategoriassa alinta ääntä laulavat osallistujat havaitsivat epävireisyyksiä paremmin kuin ylintä ääntä laulavat. Havaittiin myös merkittävä korrelaatio tunnistamisen sekä instrumenttiharrastuksen keston ja myös iän välillä. Intonaatiomieltymysten kokeessa (2) musiikin opiskelijoita ja opettajia pyydettiin valitsemaan identtisistä sointusarjapareista heille mieluisimman virityksen. Keskisävelviritys (85,9 %) ja tasavireinen viritys (85,2 %) koettiin selkäesti mieluisimmiksi, paikallisen temperoinnin jäädessä kolmanneksi. Sävelkorkeuden ajautumaa vierastettiin kauttaaltaan. Tulokset kannustavat kehittämään intonaatiotaitoja parantavia uusia harjoituksia ja kokeet valaisevat syntonisen komman ongelmaa osoittaen mahdollisuuksia musiikillisten käytäntöjen pedagogiikkaan. Diskussiossa esitetään useita jatkotutkimusehdotuksia

Sobolev regularity of occupation measures and paths, variability and compositions

We prove a result on the fractional Sobolev regularity of composition of paths of low fractional Sobolev regularity with functions of bounded variation. The result relies on the notion of variability, proposed by us in the previous article [43, arXiv:2003.11698]. Here we work under relaxed hypotheses, formulated in terms of Sobolev norms, and we can allow discontinuous paths, which is new. The result applies to typical realizations of certain Gaussian or L\'evy processes, and we use it to show the existence of Stieltjes type integrals involving compositions.Comment: 32 pages, 78 reference

Sobolev regularity of occupation measures and paths, variability and compositions

We prove a result on the fractional Sobolev regularity of composition of paths of low fractional Sobolev regularity with functions of bounded variation. The result relies on the notion of variability, proposed by us in the previous article [43, arXiv:2003.11698]. Here we work under relaxed hypotheses, formulated in terms of Sobolev norms, and we can allow discontinuous paths, which is new. The result applies to typical realizations of certain Gaussian or L\'evy processes, and we use it to show the existence of Stieltjes type integrals involving compositions.Comment: 32 pages, 78 reference

Variability of paths and differential equations with BVBV-coefficients

We define compositions $\varphi(X)$ of H\"older paths $X$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and functions of bounded variation $\varphi$ under a relative condition involving the path and the gradient measure of $\varphi$. We show the existence and properties of generalized Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals of compositions $\varphi(X)$ with respect to a given H\"older path $Y$. These results are then used, together with Doss' transform, to obtain existence and, in a certain sense, uniqueness results for differential equations in $\mathbb{R}^n$ driven by H\"older paths and involving coefficients of bounded variation. Examples include equations with discontinuous coefficients driven by paths of two-dimensional fractional Brownian motions.Comment: 68 pages, 98 reference

Variability of paths and differential equations with BV-coefficients

Hinz M, Tölle JM, Viitasaari L. Variability of paths and differential equations with BV-coefficients. Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré (B): Probability and Statistics . 2023;59(4):2036-2082.We define compositions phi(X) of Holder paths X in Rn and functions of bounded variation phi under a relative condition involving the path and the gradient measure of phi. We show the existence and properties of generalized Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals of compositions phi (X) with respect to a given Holder path Y. These results are then used, together with Doss' transform, to obtain existence and, in a certain sense, uniqueness results for differential equations in Rn driven by Holder paths and involving coefficients of bounded variation. Examples include equations with discontinuous coefficients driven by paths of two-dimensional fractional Brownian motions