Freedom To Operate (fto) For Management Of New Technologies: The Importance Of Intellectual Property

The acceleration, increase and deepening of innovation processes, as well as the integration of national economies in an economic system that operates in global scale had a strong impact over existing intellectual property systems. A large number of international treaties and agreements were consolidated during the negotiations of the Uruguay Round/WTO, which since then acts like a basis to renovate the national systems of IP protection and as a reference to the management of growing conflicts on this matter. The diffusion of knowledge and the encouragement to innovation foster the appearing and functioning of the intellectual property protection system. Even more, the universe of research has a large number of protected technologies. In this sense, it is increased the complexity of innovation in every knowledge area. More and more the innovations depend on a larger set of pre-existing technologies. In this respect, there is a need of making a preliminary search in order to understand the technology routes of certain innovations. Hence the need to do a search in a patent database in order to identify other documents that need to be part of a technology FTO. Keywords: freedom to operate, technological innovation, intellectual property.3461Ávila, J.P.C., Desenvolvimento, inovação e propriedade intelectual no Brasi (2008) A história da tecnologia brasileira contada por patentes., , Rio de Janero: INPIAdolfo, L.G.S., Moraes, R., (2008) Propriedade intelectual em perspectiva, , Rio de Janeiro: Lumen JuirsAndersen, B., If intellectual property rights is the answer, what is the question? 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Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Catalytic supercritical water gasification of eucalyptus wood chips in a batch reactor

Eucalyptus wood chips were reacted under supercritical water conditions to evaluate the effect of a NiFe2O4 catalyst, residence time and temperature parameters. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at 400 °C , 450 °C and 500 °C using three different amounts of catalyst (0, 1.0, 2.0 g) and three different residence times (30, 45, 60 min). Results showed that eucalyptus wood chips reacted and produced CO2 as the dominant gas in all cases, followed by H2 and CH4. However, the presence of NiFe2O4 catalyst led to a 60% increase in H2 produced, while significantly reducing the solid residue and enhancing the percentage of methyl derivatives in the organic liquid products. The highest H2 mol% was at 450 °C, 2 g of catalyst and 60 min of residence time. Analysis of the derived oils showed that they were mostly composed of ketones, aldehydes, methylbenzenes and alkylated phenols. Increasing the reaction temperature to 500 °C increased the molar composition of methane by 62% compared to its yield at 450 °C. In generally, this work showed that NiFe2O4 acted as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for improved production of H2 and CH4 via supercritical water gasification process

Negative Modulation of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Obesity and Binge-Like Eating Behavior

Obesity is a multifactorial disease, which in turn contributes to the onset of comorbidities, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Moreover, there are only few options available for treating obesity, and most current pharmacotherapy causes severe adverse effects, while offering minimal weight loss. Literature shows that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulates central reward pathways. Herein, we evaluated the effect of VU0409106, a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of mGluR5 in regulating feeding and obesity parameters. Diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice were treated for 14 days with VU0409106, and food intake, body weight, inflammatory/hormonal levels, and behavioral tests were performed. Our data suggest reduction of feeding, body weight, and adipose tissue inflammation in mice treated with high-fat diet (HFD) after chronic treatment with VU0409106. Furthermore, a negative modulation of mGluR5 also reduces binge-like eating, the most common type of eating disorder. Altogether, our results pointed out mGluR5 as a potential target for treating obesity, as well as related disorders