Differentiation associated regulation of microRNA expression in vivo in human CD8+ T cell subsets

BACKGROUND: The differentiation of CD8+ T lymphocytes following priming of naïve cells is central in the establishment of the adaptive immune response. Yet, the molecular events underlying this process are not fully understood. MicroRNAs have been recently shown to play a key role in the regulation of haematopoiesis in mouse, but their implication in peripheral lymphocyte differentiation in humans remains largely unknown. METHODS: In order to explore the potential implication of microRNAs in CD8+ T cell differentiation in humans, microRNA expression profiles were analysed using microarrays and quantitative PCR in several human CD8+ T cell subsets defining the major steps of the T cell differentiation pathway. RESULTS: We found expression of a limited set of microRNAs, including the miR-17~92 cluster. Moreover, we reveal the existence of differentiation-associated regulation of specific microRNAs. When compared to naive cells, miR-21 and miR-155 were indeed found upregulated upon differentiation to effector cells, while expression of the miR-17~92 cluster tended to concomitantly decrease. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes for the first time in a large panel of individuals the existence of differentiation associated regulation of microRNA expression in human CD8+ T lymphocytes in vivo, which is likely to impact on specific cellular functions

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Contribution a l'etude de la conductivite electrique des polymeres sous pression hydrostatique

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Quantification of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chloroform emissions over Ireland from atmospheric observations at Mace Head

International audience(2002) Quantification of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chloroform emissions over Ireland from atmospheric observations at Mace Head, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 54:1, 41-60, ABSTRACT Flux estimates of CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and CHCl 3 over Ireland are inferred from continuous atmospheric records of these species. We use radon-222 (222Rn) as a reference compound to estimate unknown sources of other species. The correlation between each species and 222Rn is calculated for a suite of diurnal events that have been selected in the Mace Head record over the period 1995-1997 to represent air masses exposed to sources over Ireland. We established data selection criteria based on 222Rn and 212Pb concentrations. We estimated flux densities of 12×103 kg CH 4 km−2 yr−1, 680 kg N 2 O km−2 yr−1 and 20 kg CHCl 3 km−2 yr−1 for CH 4 , N 2 O and CHCl 3 , respectively. We also inferred flux densities of 250×103 kg C km−2 yr−1 for CO 2 during wintertime, and of 760×103 kg C km−2 yr−1 for CO 2 during summer night-time. Our CH 4 inferred flux compare well with the CORINAIR90 and CORNAIR94 inventories for Ireland. The N 2 O emission flux we inferred is close to the inventory value by CORINAIR90, but twice the inventory value by CORINAIR94 and EDGAR 2.0. This discrepancy may have been caused by the use of the revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories in 1994, which include a new methodology for N 2 O emissions from agriculture. We carried out the first estimation of CHCl 3 emission fluxes over Ireland. This estimation is 4 times larger than the CHCl 3 emission fluxes measured close to the Mace Head station over peatlands. Our CHCl 3 emission fluxes estimate is consistent with the interpretation of the same data by Ryall (personal communication, 2000), who obtained, using a Lagrangian atmospheric transport model, CHCl 3 fluxes of 24±7 kg CHCl 3 km−2 yr−1. Our estimates of CO 2 emission fluxes during summer night-time and wintertime are close to those estimated from inventories and to one biogeochemical model of heterotrophic respiration

European greenhouse gas emissions estimated from continuous atmospheric measurements and radon 222 at mace head, ireland

Flux estimates of CO2, CH4 N2O, and CFCs over western Europe have been inferred from continuous atmospheric records of these species at the atmospheric research 771 station of Mace Head, Ireland. We use radon ( Rn) which has a fairly uniform source over continents as a reference compound to estimate unknown sources of other species. The Rn-222 is calculated for a suite of synoptic events that correlation between each species and have been selected in the Mace Head record over the period 1996/97. In the following, we describe the method and its uncertainties, and we establish data selection criteria that minimize the influence of local sources over Ireland, in the vicinity of the station, in order to select synoptic events originating from western Europe. We estimate western European flux densities of 45-30 10(3) kg C km(-2) month(-1) during wintertime for CO2, of 4.8-3.5 10(3) kg CH4 km(-2) yr(-1), 475-330 kg N2O km(-2) yr(-1) 2.5-1.8 kg CFC-11 km(-2) yr(-1) for CFC-11 and 4.2-2.9 kg CFC-12 km(-2) yr(-1) for CFC-12. Our estimates are independent, although in good agreement with those produced by inventories, except for CFC-11 where our estimate is much lower than the inventory

Quantification of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chloroform emissions over ireland from atmospheric observations at mace head

Flux estimates Of CO2, CH4, N2O and CHCl3 over Ireland are inferred frorn continuous atmospheric records of these species. We use radon-222 (Rn-222) as a reference compound to estimate unknown sources of other species. The correlation between each species and 222Rn is calculated for a suite of diurnal events that have been selected in the Mace Head record over the period 1995 1997 to represent air masses exposed to sources over Ireland. We established data selection criteria based on Rn-222 and Pb-212 concentrations, We estimated flux densities of 12 x 10(3) kg CH4 km(-2) yr(-1), 680 kg N2O km(-2) yr(-1) and 20 kg CHCl3 km(-2) yr(-1) for CH4, N2O and CHCl3, respectively. We also inferred flux densities of 250 x 10(3) kg C km(-2) yr(-1) for CO2 during wintertime, and of 760 x 10(3) kg C km(-2) yr(-1) for CO2 during summer night-time. Our CH4 inferred flux compare well with the CORINAIR90 and CORNAIR94 inventories for Ireland. The N2O emission flux we inferred is close to the inventory value by CORINAIR90, but twice the inventory value by CORINAIR94 and EDGAR 2.0. This discrepancy may have been caused by the use of the revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories in 1994, which include a new methodology for N2O emissions from agriculture. We carried out the first estimation of CHCl3 emission fluxes over Ireland. This estimation is 4 times larger than the CHCl3 emission fluxes measured close to the Mace Head station over peatlands. Our CHCl3 emission fluxes estimate is consistent with the interpretation of the same data by Ryall (personal communication, 2000), who obtained, using a Lagrangian atmospheric transport model, CHCl3 fluxes of 24 +/- 7 kg CHCl3 km(-2) yr(-1). Our estimates of CO2 emission fluxes during summer night-time and wintertime are close to those estimated from inventories and to one biogeochemical model of heterotrophic respiration

A top-down approach of sources and non-photosynthetic sinks of carbonyl sulfide from atmospheric measurements over multiple years in the Paris region (France)

International audienceCarbonyl sulfide (COS) has been proposed as a proxy for carbon dioxide (CO2) taken up by plants at the leaf and ecosystem scales. However, several additional production and removal processes have been identified which could complicate its use at larger scales, among which are soil uptake, dark uptake by plants, and soil and anthropogenic emissions. This study evaluates the significance of these processes at the regional scale through a top-down approach based on atmospheric COS measurements at Gif-sur-Yvette (GIF), a suburban site near Paris (France). Over a period of four and a half years, hourly measurements at 7 m above ground level were performed by gas chromatography and combined with 222Radon measurements to calculate nocturnal COS fluxes using the Radon-Tracer Method. In addition, the vertical distribution of COS was investigated at a second site, 2 km away from GIF, where a fast gas analyzer deployed on a 100 m tower for several months during winter 2015–2016 recorded mixing ratios at 3 heights (15, 60 and 100 m). COS appears to be homogeneously distributed both horizontally and vertically in the sampling area. The main finding is that the area is a persistent COS sink even during wintertime episodes of strong pollution. Nighttime net uptake rates ranged from -1.5 to -32.8 pmol m-2 s-1, with an average of -7.3 ± 4.5 pmol m-2 s-1 (n = 253). However, episodes of biogenic emissions happened each year in June-July (11.9 ± 6.2 pmol m-2 s-1, n = 24). Preliminary analyses of simulated footprints of source areas influencing the recorded COS data suggest that long-range transport of COS from anthropogenic sources located in Benelux, Eastern France and Germany occasionally impacts the Paris area during wintertime. These production and removal processes may limit the use of COS to assess regional-scale CO2 uptake in Europe by plants through inverse modeling

European greenhouse gas emissions estimated from continuous atmospheric measurements and radon 222 at mace head, ireland

Flux estimates of CO2, CH4 N2O, and CFCs over western Europe have been inferred from continuous atmospheric records of these species at the atmospheric research 771 station of Mace Head, Ireland. We use radon ( Rn) which has a fairly uniform source over continents as a reference compound to estimate unknown sources of other species. The Rn-222 is calculated for a suite of synoptic events that correlation between each species and have been selected in the Mace Head record over the period 1996/97. In the following, we describe the method and its uncertainties, and we establish data selection criteria that minimize the influence of local sources over Ireland, in the vicinity of the station, in order to select synoptic events originating from western Europe. We estimate western European flux densities of 45-30 10(3) kg C km(-2) month(-1) during wintertime for CO2, of 4.8-3.5 10(3) kg CH4 km(-2) yr(-1), 475-330 kg N2O km(-2) yr(-1) 2.5-1.8 kg CFC-11 km(-2) yr(-1) for CFC-11 and 4.2-2.9 kg CFC-12 km(-2) yr(-1) for CFC-12. Our estimates are independent, although in good agreement with those produced by inventories, except for CFC-11 where our estimate is much lower than the inventory