Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Anisotropy of elastic properties of SHS-synthesized porous titanium nickelide

Samples of porous NiTi were obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The mechanical characteristics of the porous ones were studied by quasi-static compression. When the samples of porous titanium nickelide were subject to quasi-static compression, the deformation was of an elastic-plastic nature. Three characteristic types of the fracture surface under quasi-static compression of the porous SHS – TiNi alloy were identified: 1) ductile fracture of the austenite phase in the form of a cup relief, 2) brittle fracture accompanied by the formation of cleavage steps, 3) large areas of plastic shear deformation, on which cups and cleavage facets were nucleated. To determine the anisotropy of the porous TiNi alloy properties, the volume of the porous sample was simulated, and estimated calculations were carried out. Based on the results of reconstructing 3D neutron high resolution tomography of the porous volume of titanium nickelide and the numerical parameters of the model porous medium, an algorithm was developed for obtaining a solid-state 3D model of the porous framework for using in finite element calculations. The studied porous titanium nickelide alloy, as well as spongy bone tissues, was shown to have orthotropic elastic properties conditioned by the geometric features of the porous framework. The effective moduli of elasticity and shear for the porous volume of the material were determined. The calculation results of the elastic moduli for the studied model of porous titanium nickelide numerically agree with the results obtained by compressing the samples of porous TiNi. The porous TiNi alloy under uniaxial compression was established to be destroyed under the action of tangential shear stresses at an angle of 45 degrees to the direction of uniaxial compression

Профессиональная компетентность педагога по физической культуре: структурный и компонентный анализ

The article reveals the essence of the competency-based method in education and understanding of competence in general. The article examines the features of professional competence in general and professional competences of physical education teachers in particular. The component structure and the structure of professional competence of PE teachers is studied. The conditions (objective and subjective, external and internal) of the formation of professional competences of PE teachers are disclosedСтатья раскрывает сущность компетентностного метода в образовании и компетенции в ее общем представлении. В статье изучаются особенности профессиональной компетенции как в общем представлении, так и в отношении учителя физической культуры. Исследуется компонентный состав и структура профессиональной компетентности педагога по физической культуре, а также раскрываются условия (объективные и субъективные, внешние и внутренние) ее формировани

Microscopic fungi in big cities : Biodiversity, source, and relation to pollution by potentially toxic metals

For the first time, a mycological analysis of outdoor urban environment (air, leaves, sealed surfaces) was carried in the cities of subarctic (Murmansk) and temperate (Moscow) climatic zones. The chemical composition of dust deposited on leaves of dominant tree species was taken as an indicator of the air quality. Assessment of the complex impact of factors (climate zone, type of substrate, anthropogenic load) on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of mycobiome was performed. Compared to Moscow, Murmansk was characterized by an increased number and concentrations of pollutants in the deposited dust. The number of culturable airborne fungi in Murmansk was substantially lower than in Moscow. Half of the species belonged to the opportunistic in both cities. Most dangerous opportunistic fungi were absent in the air of recreational zones but present on leaves surface and in road dust in all assessed zones of the cities. Dust chemical composition affected the diversity of fungi species. While the relationship of biological parameters with concentration of potentially toxic metals was generally negative, Cd increased the fraction of opportunistic fungi in road dust. The study revealed an importance of substrate in determining the sensitivity of outdoor mycobiome to pollution and highlighted its biological characteristics sensitive to climate

Study of macroplastic flow in surface layers of porous titanium nickelide by digital image correlation

The work presents a study the mechanical properties of porous titanium nickelide and to study the evolution of deformation fields at the meso- and macroscopic level on the surface of porous titanium nickelide samples of different thicknesses by the method of correlation of digital images under uniaxial tension. Optical system Vic-3D allows to reveal the peculiarities of evolution in space and time of distributions of deformation fields. With a decrease in the thickness of the samples and with their tension from the averaged deformation over the working field of the sample by more than 0.005%, this leads to an enlargement of the characteristic size of local deformation regions in speckle patterns on the surface of the 3D framework of the porous material. Based on the analysis of the deformation curves two stages of deformation are distinguished. It was found that the values of the deformation hardening coefficient n depend on the sample thickness

Diversity of Microbial Communities, PAHs, and Metals in Road and Leaf Dust of Functional Zones of Moscow and Murmansk

The impact of geographical factors, functional zoning, and biotope type on the diversity of microbial communities and chemical components in the dust of urban ecosystems was studied. Comprehensive analyses of bacterial and fungal communities, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals in road and leaf dust in three urban zones of Murmansk and Moscow with contrasting anthropogenic load were conducted. We found that the structure of bacterial communities affected the functional zoning of the city, biotope type, and geographical components. Fungal communities were instead impacted only by biotope type. Our findings revealed that the structure of fungal communities was mostly impacted by PAHs whereas bacterial communities were sensitive to metals. Bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas in road and leaf dust as indicators of the ecological state of the urban ecosystems were proposed

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in Three Different Functional Zones of the Cities of Moscow and Murmansk

We performed a comparative study of the total bacterial communities and communities of cultivable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-degrading bacteria in different functional zones of Moscow and Murmansk that were formed under the influence of the PAH composition in road and leaf dust. The PAHs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the bacterial communities’ diversity was assessed by metabarcoding. The degraders were isolated by their direct plating on a medium with the PAHs. The PAH total quantity declined in the leaf dust from the traffic to the recreational zone. For the road dust, a negative gradient with pollution was observed for Rhodococcus and Acinetobacter degraders and for their relative abundance in the microbiome for the functional zones of Moscow. The opposite effect was observed in the Murmansk leaf dust for the Rothia and Pseudomonas degraders and in the Moscow road dust for Microbacterium. The PCA and linear regression analyses showed that the Micrococcus degraders in the dust were sensitive to anthropogenic pollution, so they can be used as a tool for monitoring anthropogenic changes in the biosphere. The data on the degraders’ and microbial communities’ diversity suggest that minor degrading strains can play a key role in PAH degradation