Reinfestation Sources for Chagas Disease Vector, Triatoma infestans, Argentina

Reinfestation by Triatoma infestans after insecticide spraying has caused elimination efforts in the dry Chaco region to fail repeatedly. The sources and spatial extent that need to be considered to understand the reinfestation pattern and to plan a comprehensive control program were studied in 2 adjacent rural communities in northwestern Argentina from 1993 to 1997. The effects of external, residual, and primary sources on the reinfestation pattern were evaluated by using geographic information systems, satellite imagery, spatial statistics, and 5-year retrospective data for 1,881 sites. The reinfestation process depended on primary internal sources and on surrounding infested communities. In the dry Chaco, successfully reducing the risk for reinfestation in a community depends on treating all communities and isolated sites within 1,500 m of the target community. In addition, during the surveillance phase, spraying all sites within 500 m of new foci will delay reinfestation

Land use intensity indirectly affects ecosystem services mainly through plant functional identity in a temperate forest

Land‐use change is known to affect biodiversity, and there is increasing concern regarding how these changes may impact the provision of ecosystem services. Although functional composition (diversity and identity) could influence ecosystem properties and services at the community level, there is little quantitative understanding of these relationships in the field. Here, we evaluate the direct and indirect effects (through ecosystem properties) of biodiversity on the provision of multiple ecosystem services in native mixed forest in north‐west Patagonia, and how land‐use intensity influences these relationships. We used structural equation modelling to test hypotheses regarding the relationship between understorey plant functional composition, two ecosystem properties, four ecosystem services and silvopastoral use intensity (SUI). We also evaluated two alternative models to assess the mechanism behind biodiversity and ecosystem properties relationships (biomass ratio and niche complementarity). Finally, we performed pairwise correlations to identify synergies and trade‐offs between ecosystem services. SUI affected functional composition, and the provision of three out of four ecosystem services was indirectly affected by land‐use intensity through changes in ecosystem properties. We found that this indirect effect of biodiversity on ecosystem services happens mainly through changes in functional identity rather than functional diversity. Under increasing land‐use intensity, functional composition changed towards a community characterized by a resource acquisition strategy. Trade‐offs between ecosystem services (provisioning vs. regulating) were enhanced under high SUI, while synergies where enhanced under low SUI (provisioning vs. cultural). Thus, although the strength of these relationships varied between SUI, its nature (trade‐off or synergy) stayed the same. Our results expand on previous studies by simultaneously considering the effect of land‐use intensification directly on functional composition and on the ecosystem processes underpinning ecosystem services, as well as on the relationship among them. We provide evidence of an indirect effect of land‐use intensification on multiple ecosystem services through biodiversity. Moreover, we found that functional identity is more important than diversity for ecosystem functionality. Land‐use intensification affects biodiversity, and thus, ecosystem properties, but does not change the relationship among ecosystem services.Fil: Chillo, María Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Diego P.. Albert Ludwigs University Of Freiburg; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Amoroso, Mariano Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Bennett, Elena M.. McGill University; Canad

Key Source Habitats and Potential Dispersal of Triatoma infestans Populations in Northwestern Argentina: Implications for Vector Control

Background Triatoma infestans —the principal vector of the infection that causes Chagas disease— defies elimination efforts in the Gran Chaco region. This study identifies the types of human-made or -used structures that are key sources of these bugs in the initial stages of house reinfestation after an insecticide spraying campaign. Methodology and Principal Findings We measured demographic and blood-feeding parameters at two geographic scales in 11 rural communities in Figueroa, northwest Argentina. Of 1,297 sites searched in spring, 279 (21.5%) were infested. Bug abundance per site and female fecundity differed significantly among habitat types (ecotopes) and were highly aggregated. Domiciles (human sleeping quarters) had maximum infestation prevalence (38.7%), human-feeding bugs and total egg production, with submaximal values for other demographic and blood-feeding attributes. Taken collectively peridomestic sites were three times more often infested than domiciles. Chicken coops had greater bug abundance, blood-feeding rates, engorgement status, and female fecundity than pig and goat corrals. The host-feeding patterns were spatially structured yet there was strong evidence of active dispersal of late-stage bugs between ecotopes. Two flight indices predicted that female fliers were more likely to originate from kitchens and domiciles, rejecting our initial hypothesis that goat and pig corrals would dominate. Conclusions and Significance Chicken coops and domiciles were key source habitats fueling rapid house reinfestation. Focusing control efforts on ecotopes with human-fed bugs (domiciles, storerooms, goat corrals) would neither eliminate the substantial contributions to bug population growth from kitchens, chicken coops, and pig corrals nor stop dispersal of adult female bugs from kitchens. Rather, comprehensive control of the linked network of ecotopes is required to prevent feeding on humans, bug population growth, and bug dispersal simultaneously. Our study illustrates a demographic approach that may be applied to other regions and triatomine species for the design of innovative, improved vector control strategies

ISG15 Is a Novel Regulator of Lipid Metabolism during Vaccinia Virus Infection.

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a 15-kDa ubiquitin-like modifier that binds to target proteins in a process termed ISGylation. ISG15, first described as an antiviral molecule against many viruses, participates in numerous cellular processes, from immune modulation to the regulation of genome stability. Interestingly, the role of ISG15 as a regulator of cell metabolism has recently gained strength. We previously described ISG15 as a regulator of mitochondrial functions in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in the context of Vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Here, we demonstrate that ISG15 regulates lipid metabolism in BMDMs and that ISG15 is necessary to modulate the impact of VACV infection on lipid metabolism. We show that Isg15-/- BMDMs demonstrate alterations in the levels of several key proteins of lipid metabolism that result in differences in the lipid profile compared with Isg15+/+ (wild-type [WT]) BMDMs. Specifically, Isg15-/- BMDMs present reduced levels of neutral lipids, reflected by decreased lipid droplet number. These alterations are linked to increased levels of lipases and are independent of enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Moreover, we demonstrate that VACV causes a dysregulation in the proteomes of BMDMs and alterations in the lipid content of these cells, which appear exacerbated in Isg15-/- BMDMs. Such metabolic changes are likely caused by increased expression of the metabolic regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). In summary, our results highlight that ISG15 controls BMDM lipid metabolism during viral infections, suggesting that ISG15 is an important host factor to restrain VACV impact on cell metabolism. IMPORTANCE The functions of ISG15 are continuously expanding, and growing evidence supports its role as a relevant modulator of cell metabolism. In this work, we highlight how the absence of ISG15 impacts macrophage lipid metabolism in the context of viral infections and how poxviruses modulate metabolism to ensure successful replication. Our results open the door to new advances in the comprehension of macrophage immunometabolism and the interaction between VACV and the host.We thank the expert technical assistance of Sara Sandoval. We are grateful to Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez who has kindly provided several commercial reagents. We would like to thank the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation (Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación), (Ministry of Health of Spain, State Secretary of R1D and FEDER/FSE).S

Valorisation of pork by-products to obtain antioxidant and antihypertensive peptides

The porcine liver could be used for the extraction of zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP) as a natural red meat pigment. During the autolysis process, porcine liver homogenates was incubated at pH 4.8 and 45 °C under anaerobic conditions to obtain insoluble ZnPP. After incubation, the homogenates were readjusted at pH 4.8, and at pH 7.5 before being centrifuged at 5500 × g for 20 min at 4 °C and the resulting supernatant were compared with the obtained at pH 4.8 at the beginning of the incubation. The molecular weight distributions of the porcine liver fractions at both pHs were very similar, however, eight essential amino acids were more abundant in fractions obtained at pH 4.8. Regarding the ORAC assay, porcine liver protein fraction at pH 4.8 showed the highest antioxidant capacity but antihypertensive inhibition was similar for both pHs. Peptides with strong bioactivity potential from aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactoylglutathione lyase, SEC14-like protein 3 and others were identified. The findings have demonstrated the potential of the porcine liver to extract natural pigments and bioactive peptides.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bases moleculares da interação celular em modelos de reprodução e câncer: identificação de proteínas e mecanismos envolvidos

La interacción entre las células somáticas y entre las gametas involucra una serie de eventos moleculares que no han sido dilucidados totalmente. Nuestro grupo de investigación ha desarrollado proyectos dirigidos a profundizar el conocimiento de dichos eventos. Los estudios han comprendido el análisis de moduladores de la funcionalidad espermática (ej. efecto de la temperatura de incubación, las concentraciones del ión calcio, los anticuerpos antiespermáticos de fluidos biológicos en la motilidad, la capacitación y la exocitosis acrosomal). Asimismo, hemos caracterizado componentes del espermatozoide (ej. CaM Kinasa IV, proacrosina/acrosina) y de secreciones del tracto femenino (ej. Grp78/BiP), evaluado su rol en el desarrollo de capacidad fecundante y, en algunos casos, investigado su relación con la infertilidad. En años recientes, nuestros proyectos se han extendido al estudio de las cadherinas en eventos de adhesión celular durante la fecundación; hemos caracterizado la expresión de cadherina epitelial y neural en tejidos reproductivos y gametas y evaluado su participación en la fecundación. Dada su reconocida relevancia en el cáncer, hemos abordado estudios en diversos modelos tumorales. Nuestras investigaciones han contribuido a la comprensión de los eventos de interacción de las gametas durante la fecundación así como entre las células somáticas durante la progresión tumoral.Cell-cell interaction between somatic cells as well as gametes involves molecular events that have not been completely elucidated. Our research group has developed projects aimed at studying proteins and mechanisms participating in these interactions. Several modulators of sperm functions have been analyzed (i.e. incubation temperature, calcium ion concentration, and antisperm antibodies present in biological fluids upon sperm motility, capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis). In addition, proteins from spermatozoa (i.e. CaM Kinase IV, proacrosin/acrosin) and from secretions of the female tract (Grp78/BiP) have been characterized, and their role in the development of sperm fertilizing ability assessed. In some cases, their relationship with infertility was evaluated. In recent years, our projects have been extended to study members of the cadherin superfamily and related proteins; in particular, the expression of epithelial and neural cadherin in reproductive tissues and gametes was characterized and evidence of their participation in fertilization-related cell-cell adhesion events shown. Based on the vast evidence of the role of these proteins in tumor progression, our current research also involves studies of cancer models. Our projects have contributed to the understanding of the molecular basis of cell-cell interaction during fertilization as well as during tumor progression.A interação entre as células somáticas e entre os gametas envolve uma série de eventos moleculares que não têm sido elucidados totalmente. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem desenvolvido projetos encaminhados a aprofundar o conhecimento de tais eventos. Os estudos têm compreendido a análise de moduladores da funcionalidade espermática (ex. efeito da temperatura de incubação, as concentrações do íon cálcio, os anticorpos antiespermáticos de fluidos biológicos na motilidade, a capacitação e a exocitose acrossomal). Do mesmo modo, caracterizamos componentes do espermatozoide (ex. CaM Kinase IV, proacrosina /acrosina) e de secreções do trato feminino (ex. Grp78/BiP), avaliamos seu papel no desenvolvimento de capacidade fecundante e, em alguns casos, investigamos sua relação com a infertilidade. Em anos recentes, nossos projetos se têm estendido ao estudo das caderinas em eventos de adesão celular durante a fecundação; temos caracterizado a expressão de caderina epitelial e neural em tecidos reprodutivos e gametas e avaliamos sua participação na fecundação. Dada sua reconhecida relevância no câncer, temos abordado estudos em diversos modelos tumorais. Nossas pesquisas têm contribuído à compreensão dos eventos de interação dos gametas durante a fecundação bem como entre as células somáticas durante a progressão tumoralFil: Vazquez, Monica Hebe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Furlong, Laura I.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Marin Briggiler, Clara Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Veaute, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Veiga, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Matos, María L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Lapyckyj, Lara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Gabrielli, Nieves María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Rosso, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Arzondo, María M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Edelsztein, Nadia Yasmín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Besso, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentin

OCT angiography: a technique for the assessment of retinal and optic nerve diseases in the pediatric population

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a novel, rapidly evolving, non-invasive imaging technique that allows images of the retinal vasculature to be obtained in a few seconds. Blood vessels of different retinal vascular plexuses and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) can be examined without the administration of any contrast or dye. Due to these characteristics, OCT-A could be an excellent complementary test to study retinal vascularization in children. Until now, most of the studies with OCT-A have been conducted in adults and only a few have been carried out in children. In this review, we describe the principles and advantages of OCT-A over traditional imaging methods and provide a summary of the OCT-A findings in retinopathy of prematurity and other retinal and optic disc pathologies in children. In view of the promising results from studies, the advantages of a relatively rapid and non-invasive method to assess the retinal vasculature makes OCT-A a tool of which applications in the field of pediatric ophthalmology will be expanded in the near future for patient diagnosis and follow-up in every day clinical practice

Distribution of endogenous NO regulates early gravitropic response and PIN2 localization in arabidopsis roots

High-resolution and automated image analysis of individual roots demonstrated that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) contribute significantly to gravitropism of Arabidopsis roots. Lowering of endogenous NO concentrations strongly reduced and even reversed gravitropism, resulting in upward bending, without affecting root growth rate. Notably, the asymmetric accumulation of NOalong the upper and lower sides of roots correlated with a positive gravitropic response. Detection of NO by the specific DAF-FM DA fluorescent probe revealed that NO was higher at the lower side of horizontally-oriented roots returning to initial values 2h after the onset of gravistimulation. We demonstrate that NO promotes plasma membrane re-localization of PIN2 in epidermal cells, which is required during the early root gravitropic response. The dynamic and asymmetric localization of both auxin and NO is critical to regulate auxin polar transport during gravitropism. Our results collectively suggest that, although auxin and NO crosstalk occurs at different levels of regulation, they converge in the regulation of PIN2 membrane trafficking in gravistimulated roots, supporting the notion that a temporally and spatially coordinated network of signal molecules could participate in the early phases of auxin polar transport during gravitropism.Fil: Paris, Ramiro. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, María M.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Graziano, Magdalena. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Terrile, Maria Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Miller, Nathan D.. University Of Wisconsin-madison; Estados UnidosFil: Spalding, Edgar P.. University Of Wisconsin-madison; Estados UnidosFil: Otegui, Marisa S.. University Of Wisconsin-madison;Fil: Casalongue, Claudia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentin

NGC 2660: Gaia DR2, ASteCA and the end of controversies?

NGC 2660, un cumulo abierto viejo y muy compacto localizado a aproximadamente 3 kpc del Sol en una región de absorción moderada, ha sido objeto de varios estudios fotométricos y espectroscopicos en el pasado. Surgen controversias en cuanto a su distancia, antigüedad y contenido metalice. Las comparaciones llevadas a cabo por investigaciones anteriores con modelos sintéticos de cúmulos no las resolvieron. Decidimos analizar este objeto combinando paralaje de alta precisión, movimientos propios y magnitudes procedentes del Gaia Second Data Release (Gaia DR2) para mejorar los parámetros fundamentales del cumulo. Para ello seleccionamos los datos de Gaia DR2 en una región de 1 grado de lado centrada en NGC 2660. Para la identificación de miembros utilizamos el código pyUPMASK y completamos el análisis general del cumulo con el código ASteCA. La secuencia principal del cumulo muestra un turn-off point bien definido, aunque algunas estrellas se ubican por encima de el, en la posición típica de las estrellas blue stragglers. Hay un evidente ensanchamiento de la secuencia principal, que es difícil de atribuir solo a errores fotométricos, siendo mas probable que ella se deba a un alto porcentaje de estrellas binarias.NGC 2660, an old and very compact open cluster placed at about 3 kpc from the Sun in a region ofmoderate absorption, has been subject of several photometric and spectroscopic studies in the past. Controversies arise in terms of its distance, age and metal content. Previous comparisons with cluster synthetic models carried out did not resolve them. We decided to analyze this object combining high precision parallax, proper motions and magnitudes coming from the Gaia Second Data release (Gaia DR2), in order to improve the cluster fundamental parameters. So we collect Gaia DR2 data in region 1 deg on a side, centered in NGC 2660. For the membership estimation, we run the pyUPMASK code and completed the overall cluster analysis with the ASteCA code. The cluster main sequence shows a well-defined turn-off point although some stars are placed above it, resembling the typical position of blue straggler stars. There is an evident widening of the main sequence hard to be explained by just photometric errors becoming more probable that it is produced by a high percentage of binary stars.Fil: Giorgi, E. E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Perren, Gabriel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: De Laurenti, M. A.. No especifíca;Fil: Solivella, Gladys Rebeca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Pera, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cruzado, Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Ruben Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; Argentina62º Reunión Anual de la Asociación Argentina de AstronomíaRosarioArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Astronomí

A novel mutation, outside of the candidate region for diagnosis, in the inverted formin 2 gene can cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histological pattern that has several etiologies, including genetics. The autosomal dominant form of FSGS is a heterogenic disease caused by mutations within three known genes: alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4), canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6), and the inverted formin 2 (INF2) gene. More recently, INF2 mutations have also been attributed to Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy associated with FSGS. Here we performed direct sequencing, histological characterization, and functional studies in a cohort of families with autosomal dominant FSGS. We detected a novel mutation in exon 6 of the INF2 gene outside of the exon 2-4 candidate region used for rapid diagnosis of autosomal dominant FSGS. This new mutation is predicted to alter a highly conserved amino-acid residue within the 17th alpha-helix of the diaphanous inhibitory domain of the protein. A long-term follow-up of this family indicated that all patients were diagnosed in adulthood, as opposed to early childhood, and progression to end-stage renal disease was at different times without clinical or electrodiagnostic evidence of neuropathy. Thus, this novel mutation in INF2 linked to nonsyndromic FSGS indicates the necessity for full gene sequencing if no mutation is found in the current rapid-screen region of the gene. 2012 International Society of Nephrology