Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Cross-disease Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Systemic Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Reveals IRF4 as a New Common Susceptibility Locus

Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are autoimmune diseases that share clinical and immunological characteristics. To date, several shared SSc- RA loci have been identified independently. In this study, we aimed to systematically search for new common SSc-RA loci through an inter-disease meta-GWAS strategy. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis combining GWAS datasets of SSc and RA using a strategy that allowed identification of loci with both same-direction and opposingdirection allelic effects. The top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were followed-up in independent SSc and RA case-control cohorts. This allowed us to increase the sample size to a total of 8,830 SSc patients, 16,870 RA patients and 43,393 controls. Results: The cross-disease meta-analysis of the GWAS datasets identified several loci with nominal association signals (P-value < 5 x 10-6), which also showed evidence of association in the disease-specific GWAS scan. These loci included several genomic regions not previously reported as shared loci, besides risk factors associated with both diseases in previous studies. The follow-up of the putatively new SSc-RA loci identified IRF4 as a shared risk factor for these two diseases (Pcombined = 3.29 x 10-12). In addition, the analysis of the biological relevance of the known SSc-RA shared loci pointed to the type I interferon and the interleukin 12 signaling pathways as the main common etiopathogenic factors. Conclusions: Our study has identified a novel shared locus, IRF4, for SSc and RA and highlighted the usefulness of cross-disease GWAS meta-analysis in the identification of common risk loci

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Semilleros de Investigación 2013

El Instituto Unidad de Investigaciones Jurídico-Sociales Gerardo Molina (Unijus) promueve y apoya el desarrollo e implementación de programas y proyectos de investigación que aporten al conocimiento de la realidad nacional e internacional, de las instituciones jurídicas, políticas y sociales, así como de las teorías jurídicas y políticas que contribuyan a la construcción de nuevas propuestas para la solución de las problemáticas que aquejan la sociedad. Por tal motivo, es fundamental el apoyo constante a la formación de semilleros de investigación en la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Sede Bogotá, así como la consolidación de los semilleros ya existentes. En el año 2013, se desarrollaron las Convocatorias No. 01 y 02 de 2013 para la Selección de Semilleros de Investigación de la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Como resultado de dicho proceso fueron seleccionadas trece propuestas de investigación integradas por un total de 47 estudiantes, quienes a su vez se encontraban vinculados a 7 grupos de investigación. La presente publicación está compuesta por los artículos que resultaron de los proyectos aprobados. Grupo de investigación Relaciones Internacionales y Asuntos Globales Acercamiento a la reforma del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas: una mirada a las propuestas de México, Argentina y Brasil Busca identificar los factores por los cuales tres países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil y México) —con características históricas similares, que comparten un origen medianamente común y que participan en los espacios de integración regional de la misma—, divergen en sus posiciones con respecto a la reforma del Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Gustavo Adolfo Puyo

Semilleros de Investigación 2013, n.° 28

"Unijus promueve y apoya el desarrollo e implementación de programas y proyectos de investigación que aporten al conocimiento de la realidad nacional e internacional, de las instituciones jurídicas, políticas y sociales, así como de las teorías jurídicas y políticas que contribuyan a la construcción de nuevas propuestas para la solución de las problemáticas que aquejan la sociedad. Por tal motivo, es fundamental el apoyo constante a la formación de semilleros de investigación en la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Sede Bogotá, así como la consolidación de los semilleros ya existentes. En el año 2013, se desarrollaron las Convocatorias No. 01 y 02 de 2013 para la Selección de Semilleros de Investigación de la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Como resultado de dicho proceso fueron seleccionadas trece propuestas de investigación integradas por un total de 47 estudiantes, quienes a su vez se encontraban vinculados a 7 grupos de investigación.""Presentación Acercamiento a la reforma del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas: Una mirada a las propuestas de México, Argentina y Brasil Reflections on Legal Education: an Approach to the Escuela de Derecho Propio Laureano Inampués Cuatín Iliana Jineth Yepes Acuña, Simón Camilo Hernández Gaona, Paula Alejandra Poveda Cocuy, Francisco Javier Quito Córdoba, Sonia Catalina Villamizar Almeyda Grupo de investigación en Relaciones Internacionales y Asuntos Globales - RIAG Intervención en el Bronx: Análisis descriptivo de una apuesta alternativa en política pública de seguridad humana Intervention in the Bronx: Descriptive Analysis of an alternative bet on Public Policy and human security Ana María Tarazona Galvis, Carolina Cristancho Zarco, Andrés Felipe Espinosa Zuluaga, Fredy Hernando Caro y Sergio Iván González Machetá Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad y Defensa -GISDE Conflictos socioterritoriales en la región Andina Oriental de Colombia: una mirada al campesinado y a las formas contemporáneas de la lucha por la tierra y el territorio Socio-territorial Conflicts in the East Andes Region of Colombia: A glance at the Peasantry and Contemporary Ways of Struggle for Land and Territory Catherine Moore Torres, Julián Eduardo Naranjo Vasco Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Políticos y Sociales - Theseus Territorios, resistencias y espacialidad en la geopolítica de la globalización Territory, Strength and Spatiality in the Geopolitics of Globalization Sindy Katherine Castro Herrera, Camila Andrea Galindo Martínez, Paula Andrea Ricaurte Ávila, Natalia Briceño Hernández, John Freddy Gómez Celi, Ángela Beatriz Torres Tamayo Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Políticos y Sociales - Theseus Territorio y construcción de subjetividades en Bogotá. Transferencias entre lo rural y lo urbano en las localidades de Chapinero, Usme y Ciudad Bolívar Territory and construction of subjectivities in Bogotá. Transfers between the rural and the urban in the localities of Chapinero, Usme and Ciudad Bolívar Javier Alejandro Jiménez González, David Fernando Salamanca Paternina, Diana Paola López Bojacá Grupo de Investigación Presidencialismo y Participación Los jóvenes y la paz: la incógnita de La Habana Young People and Peace: the Unknown of Havana Sara Camila Arias Castañeda, Reina Alejandra Jiménez Díaz, Brahiam Fernando Quintana Martínez, Fernando Villada Agudelo Grupo de investigación Presidencialismo y Participación Análisis jurídico-crítico de la producción normativa en materia ambiental en el período 2003-2013 con énfasis en el Proyecto de reforma al Código Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables Legal-Critical Analysis of Legislation Production in Environmental Law in the Period of 2003-2013 with an Emphasis on the National Code of Renewable Natural Resources Diana Sofía Díaz Castro, Natalia Alejandra Rodríguez Vargas, Adriana María Guerrero Arias Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Colectivos y Ambientales - GIDCA Conflictividad ambiental por monocultivos de palma aceitera en Tibú, Norte de Santander Environmental Conflict for Oil Palm Plantations in Tibú, North of Santander José Agustín Labrador Forero, Carlos Eduardo Olaya Díaz Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Colectivos y Ambientales - GIDCA Campañas electorales: lo que se puede y lo que se debería comunicar Electoral Campaigns: what can be communicated and what should be communicated Daniela Alvarado Rincón, Freddy Leonardo González Araque y Augusto Federico Padilla Grupo de investigación Cultura Jurídico Política, Instituciones y Globalización Tratamiento jurídico-social de la obscenidad en Colombia: Aproximación desde la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional Legal and social treatment of obscenity in Colombia: Approximation from the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court Germán Darío Rodríguez González, Luisa Fernanda Ortiz Rodríguez, Diego Ricardo Cárdenas Nonsoque Grupo de investigación Cultura Jurídico Política, Instituciones y Globalización Mujeres indígenas y prácticas de justicia Indigenous Women and Practices of Justice Luisa María Ocaña Muñoz, Sibelys Katina Mejía Rodríguez, Viviana Patricia López Rubio, Damaris Alejandra Quintero Leyva Grupo de investigación Escuela de Justicia Comunitaria de la Universidad Nacional (EJCUN) Justicia en red: Caminando hacia el empoderamiento y la construcción de ciudadanía para Bogotá Justice in Network: towards the Empowerment and the Construction of Citizenship in Bogotá Alejandra Méndez Molano, Jenny Alejandra Tamayo Tamayo Grupo de investigación Escuela de Justicia Comunitaria de la Universidad Nacional (EJCUN) Reflexiones sobre la educación legal: Una aproximación a la Escuela de Derecho Propio Laureano Inampués Cuatín Reflections on Legal Education: an Approach to the Escuela de Derecho Propio Laureano Inampués Cuatín Krisly Tatiana Amaya Osorio, Juan Sebastián Urdaneta Forero, Miguel Ángel Salas Dorado Grupo de investigación Escuela de Justicia Comunitaria de la Universidad Nacional (EJCUN)